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M2: Biochemistry > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

▪️ Responsible for storage and expression of genetic information
▪️ Composed of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Fundamental Components of Nucleic Acids

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous bases
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3
Q

Nitrogenous Bases
▪️under PURINE (9 membered ring)

A

Mnemonics PurGA

Adenine (Alang Oxygen)
Guanine (9 membered ring with 1 O)

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4
Q

Nitrogenous Bases
▪️under PYRIMIDINE (6 membered ring)

A

Mnemonics: PyCUT
Cytosine (1 Oxygen)
Uracil
Thymine (meTHYL)

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5
Q

H - DNA - Double Strand

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

OH - RNA - Single Strand

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Pentose Sugar + Nitrogenous Base

A

Nucleoside

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8
Q

Phosphate + Pentose Sugar + Nitrogenous Base

A

Nucleotide

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9
Q

Nucleoside of A, G, C,T, U

[named by changing the nitrogen base ending to -OSINE FOR PURINE and -IDINE FOR PYRIMIDINE]

A

Adenosine
Guanosine
Cytidine
Uridine
Thymidine

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10
Q

Nucleotide of A, G, C,T, U

[named using the name of nucleoside followed by phosphate]

A

Adenosine Phosphate
Guanosine Phosphate
Cytidine Phosphate
Uridine Phosphate
Thymidine Phosphate

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11
Q

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
▪️Linear
▪️Sequence of AA
▪️Peptide Bond

A

Primary Structure

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12
Q

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
▪️Alpha helix, Beta-pleated sheets
▪️H-Bond

A

Secondary Structure

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13
Q

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
▪️3D Structure (“Conformation”)
▪️Supercoiling of DNA
▪️Pertains to 1 polypeptide chain only
▪️Disulfide, H-bond, Hydrophobic & Ionic Interaction,

A

Tertiary Structure

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14
Q

What facilitates supercoiling?

A

DNA gyrase / Topoisomerase II

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15
Q

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
▪️Interaction or combination of at least 2 tertiary structures / polypeptide chain
▪️Specificity
▪️Electrostatic & Hydrophobic Interaction, H-Bond

A

Quaternary Structure

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16
Q

MAJOR groove

A

Adenine & Thymine (2 H Bonds)

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17
Q

MINOR Groove

A

Cytosine & Guanine (3 H Bonds)

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18
Q

The ability of certain anticodon to pair with codons that differ at the third base

A

Wobble

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19
Q

Concept by which a tRNA can recognize more than one codon for a specific amino acid by allowing movement in the first base of the anticodon

A

Wobble Hypothesis

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20
Q

It allows a single tRNA to recognize more than once codon

A

Wobble hypothesis

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21
Q

In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5’ end of one strand and the 3’ end of the other

A

Antiparallelism

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22
Q

Destruction or breaking down of hydrogen bonds that holds the two complementary strands of DNA

A

Denaturation / Melting

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23
Q

What Protein Structure do not undergo Denaturation?

A

Primary Structure

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24
Q

CENTRAL DOGMA OF THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

▪️DNA ➡️ RNA

A

Transcription

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25
Q

CENTRAL DOGMA OF THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

▪️RNA ➡️ Proteins

A

Translation

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26
Q

CENTRAL DOGMA OF THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

▪️DNA ➡️ DNA

A

Replication

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27
Q

▪️ Process of transferring information to DNA for conservation of inherited traits

▪️ Process by which a “replica” or identical copy of DNA is made so that information can be preserved and handed down too offspring

A

Replication

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28
Q

▪️ Initiation by unwinding
▪️ Open the DNA double helix
▪️ unwinds the DNA

A

Helicase

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29
Q

Enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

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30
Q

Sequence of major events in Replication

A
  1. DNA double helix is opened by HELICASES
  2. Priming - PRIMASE creates template RNA primer for each strand
  3. Polymerization - DNA POLYMERASE III synthesizes DNA in 5’ to 3’ direction
  4. DNA POLYMERASE I removes the RNA primer and fills the gaps between Okazaki fragments
  5. DNA LIGASE joins the DNA fragments of the lagging strand, creating a single DNA molecule
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31
Q

▪️ DNA Gyrase
▪️ Targeted by QUINOLONES

A

Topoisomerase Type 2

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32
Q

▪️Synthesis of RNA from DNA
▪️Enzyme use: Transcriptase / RNA polymerase

A

Transcription

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33
Q

▪️ Does not require a primer
▪️ Can initiate polymerization
▪️ Does not possess proofreading activity

A

RNA polymerase

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34
Q

Transcription Process

A
  1. Initiation - DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase
  2. Elongation - transcription factors unwind the DNA strand
  3. Termination - RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence of DNA; Release of mRNA
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35
Q

Transcription Process:

▪️ DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase
▪️ Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region of gene

A

Initiation (Transcription)

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36
Q

Transcription Process:

▪️ Transcription factors unwind the DNA strand
▪️The antisense strands serves as the template

A

Elongation (Transcription)

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37
Q

Transcription Process:

▪️RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence of DNA
▪️Release of mRNA
▪️Detachment of RNA polymerase from DNA

A

Termination (Transcription)

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38
Q

Produces the three basic types of RNA (?)

A
  1. Messenger (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal (rRNA)
  3. Transfer (tRNA)
39
Q

▪️TEMPLATE of protein synthesis
▪️CARRIER of CODONS (sequence of three DNA or RNA)
▪️Carries genetic information

A

mRNA (RNA Polymerase II)

40
Q

▪️ most abundant / most common form of RNA
▪️ Site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (catalytic or structural role)
▪️Ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA (RNA Polymerase I)

41
Q

▪️ Carries activated amino acids and contains ANTI-CODON (opposite of codon)
▪️Transfer amino acid from cytosol to ribosomes
▪️At the 3’ end, there is CAA sequence, which is where the amino acid attached

A

tRNA

42
Q

▪️Enzyme use: Reverse Transcriptase (RNA-directed-DNA polymerase)
▪️ Synthesis of DNA from RNA
▪️ Oncogenic or tumor producing RNA viruses, also known as RETROVIRUSES
▪️Complementary DNA (cDNA) - product of reverse transcription

A

Reverse Transcription

43
Q

▪️Synthesis of proteins based on the codons specified by the mRNA

▪️Formation of proteins from RNA

A

Translation

44
Q

Three main steps in protein synthesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
45
Q

STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

▪️Start Codon - AUG (Methionine in Eukaryote; Formyl Methionine in Prokaryote)
🔸️Eukaryote - Kozak sequence
🔹️Prokaryote - Shine-Dalgarno

A

Initiation

46
Q

STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

▪️ Continuation of reading of codon by 3

A

Elongation

47
Q

STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

▪️Stop Codon; UAG, UGA, UAA

A

Termination

48
Q

▪️Deoxyribose
▪️CGAT
▪️Nucleus & Mitochondria
▪️Central repository of genetic information (Stores)

A

DNA

49
Q

▪️Ribose
▪️CGAU
▪️Nucleus & Cytoplasm
▪️Helps in the expression of genetic information

A

RNA

50
Q

▪️Hydrated (most stable)
▪️RIGHT-handed
▪️10 base pairs/turn
▪️MOST COMMON & MOST ABUNDANT; Described by Watson & Crick using X-ray diffraction

A

B-DNA

51
Q

▪️Dehydrated
▪️RIGHT-handed
▪️11 base pairs/turn
▪️LESS COMMON

A

A-DNA

52
Q

▪️Rare (in prokaryote)
▪️LEFT-handed
▪️12 base pairs/turn
▪️MOST STABLE in vitro during methylation or negative supercoiling

A

Z-DNA

53
Q

Wide & Deep MAJOR GROOVE

A

B-DNA

54
Q

Narrow & Deep MAJOR GROOVE

A

A-DNA

55
Q

Flat MAJOR GROOVE

A

Z-DNA

56
Q

Narrow & Shallow MINOR GROOVE

A

B-DNA

57
Q

Broad & Shallow MINOR GROOVE

A

A-DNA

58
Q

Narrow & Deep MINOR GROOVE

A

Z-DNA

59
Q

Most common type of DNA in humans

A

B-DNA

60
Q

Sleeping / dormant form of DNA

A

Z-DNA

61
Q

One parent strand and one daughter strand appear in the final product. New DNA is made by using the original DNA as template

A

Semi-conservative

62
Q

When 2 strands of the DNA double helix are separated, each strand can serve as a template for the replication of a new complementary strand

A

Semi-conservative Replication

63
Q

Two parents strands stay together and two daughter strands stay together

A

Conservative

64
Q

▪️Segments of DNA that specify or code proteins
▪️Basic unit of genetic information
▪️ Represent the genetic information transcribed into a single RNA molecule, which is in turn into a single protein
▪️All genes are translated except for genes for RNA molecules (rRNA & tRNA)

A

Genes

65
Q

PARTS OF A GENE

▪️Coding regions
▪️Informational DNA segments that makeup genes

A

Exons

66
Q

PARTS OF A GENE

▪️non-coding regions
▪️intruder

A

Introns

67
Q

Before the mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus nonsense bases that make up the INTRONS ARE CUT OUT and the informationally useful exons are joined together

A

RNA Splicing

68
Q

▪️Total genetic makeup of an organism

▪️Human genome is composed of 30,000 genes

A

Genome

69
Q

▪️Groups of three bases called CODOND control the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell

▪️Different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced

A

Genetic Code

70
Q

▪️Permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

▪️Unwanted changes in the DNA sequence

A

Mutations

71
Q

Agent in the environment that brought about mutation

A

Mutagen

72
Q

Absence of mutagen; occasional mistakes during the DNA replication

A

Spontaneous mutation

73
Q

Presence of mutagen

A

Induce mutagen

74
Q

TYPES OF MUTATION

A
  1. Point Mutation
  2. Frameshift Mutation
75
Q

TYPES OF MUTATION

There is substitution of a single base

A

Point Mutation

76
Q

TYPES OF MUTATION

Addition or removal/deletion of bases

Intercalation

A

Frameshift Mutation

77
Q

What aromatic compounds cause Frameshift Mutation (2)

A

Acridines & Ethidium bromide

78
Q

Types of Point Mutation
▪️SAME chemical class
▪️ Purine replaced by Purine
▪️ Pyrimidine replaces Pyrimidine

A

Transitional / Transition

79
Q

Types of Point Mutation
▪️DIFFERENT chemical class
▪️ Purine replaced by Pyrimidine base and vice versa

A

Transversional / Transversion

80
Q

RESULT OF POINT MUTATION (3)

A
  1. Silent (SAME)
  2. Missense (DIFFERENT)
  3. Nonsense (STOP)
81
Q

RESULT OF POINT MUTATION

▪️result to still the SAME amino acid
▪️Does not result in any change in protein sequence
▪️Ex. UCA (Serine) -> UCU (Serine)

A

Silent

82
Q

RESULT OF POINT MUTATION

▪️DIFFERENT amino acid
▪️Ex. UCA (Serine) -> ACA (Proline)

A

Missense

83
Q

RESULT OF POINT MUTATION

▪️result in STOP codon
▪️Ex. UCA (Serine) -> Stop Codon

A

Nonsense

84
Q

End product of purine metabolism

A

Allantoin

85
Q

End product of purine metabolism in humans

A

Uric Acid

86
Q

DEGENERACY OF THE GENETIC CODE
▪️Several codons may code for the amino acids
▪️1 AA = ?

A

▪️1 AA = 6 codons

87
Q

DNA-dependent RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

88
Q

DNA-dependent DNA synthesis

A

Replication

89
Q

Conversion of RNA to Proteins

A

Translation

90
Q

RNA Polymerase
Attaches to consensus sequences:

▪️Eukaryotes - CAAT box (aka?)

A

Hogness box

91
Q

RNA Polymerase
Attaches to consensus sequences:

▪️Prokaryotes - TATA box (aka?)

A

Pribnow box

92
Q

▪️Triplets sequences of nucleotides
▪️See in RNA only

A

Codons

93
Q

Post-translational modification happens in

Involves glycosylation & proteolytic cleavage

A

Golgi apparatus

94
Q

The bond between the oxygen part of the phosphate group and the pentose sugar is called

A

Phosphodiester bond

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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