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M2: Biochemistry > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

Three distinct parts of the cell

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cell Membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
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3
Q

Control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

General term referring to organic compounds essential to life

A

Biomolecule

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5
Q

▪️ Control center of the cell
▪️ Most important organelle
▪️ Contains and stores the genetic material or information

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Protects the genetic material or protective covering

A

Nuclear membrane / envelope

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7
Q

Where exchange of material for nutrients between nucleus and rest of the cell occurs

A

Nuclear pores

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8
Q

Liquid part of the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm / Karyoplasm

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9
Q

▪️Organize structural unit
▪️Thread-like genetic material

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

Fundamental unit of chromatin

A

Nucleosome

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11
Q

▪️ROD-like; involved during cell division
▪️Self-replicating unit
▪️Holds all genes; condenses DNA

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

▪️How many pair of chromosomes?
▪️Pair 1-22 are?
▪️Pair 23 are?

A

▪️23
▪️Autosome
▪️Sex Chromosomes

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13
Q

XX -
XY -

A

XX - Female
XY - Male

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14
Q

▪️Three copies of Chromosome 21
▪️47 Chromosomes

A

Trisomy 21 / Down Syndrome / Mongoloids

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15
Q

Small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleusome structure of the chromatin

A

Histones

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16
Q

▪️Protective covering of the whole cell
▪️Outermost structure of the cell that decide its CONTOUR
▪️SEMIPERMEABLE

A

Plasma membrane / Plasmalemma

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17
Q

Plasma Membrane

Too much water ENTERS the cell

Too much water EXITS the cell

A

Swell -> Burst (Lysis)

Shrink (Crenation)

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18
Q

Main structural component of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid

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19
Q

Cell is usually phospholipid bilayer which compose?

A

1 polar or hydrophilic head and
2 non-polar hydrophobic tail

Lamellar Theory or Unit Membrane Theory

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20
Q

▪️Without true nucleus
▪️No membrane bound organelles
▪️ Circular DNA

A

Prokaryote

Pro- before Karya- nucleus

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21
Q

▪️With TRUE nucleus
▪️Membrane bound organelles are PRESENT
▪️Linear DNA

A

Eukaryote

Eu- true

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22
Q

30s + 50s =70s

A

Prokaryote

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23
Q

40s + 60s = 80s

A

Eukaryote

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24
Q

Conjugates of Sugar + Lipids

A

Glycolipids

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25
Q

Glycolipids aka?

A

Glucosylceramide / Galactosylceramide

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26
Q

▪️Simplest glycolipids
▪️Glucose / Galactose

A

Cerebrosides

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27
Q

Flow (Conc. Gradient) - AGAINST UPHILL direction

Energy Requiring - Yes

Ex. Na K ATPase Pump

Carrier Mediated: Yes

A

Active transport

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28
Q

Flow (Conc. Gradient) - ALONG DOWNHILL direction

Energy Requiring - No

Ex. Ion Channels

A

Passive Transport

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29
Q

Carrier Mediated:
No-Passive Diffusion
Yes-Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive Transport

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30
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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31
Q

▪️Precursor of arachidonic acid
▪️Derived from arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoid

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32
Q

Main inflammatory mediators

A

Prostaglandin

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33
Q

Platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxane

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34
Q

▪️PG
▪️PGI2
▪️LT
▪️TXA

A

▪️ Prostaglandin
▪️ Prostacyclin
▪️ Leukotriene
▪️ Thromboxane

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35
Q

Organism: Plants (Cell Wall)
Structural Component:

A

Structural Component: Cellulose

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36
Q

Organism: Bacteria (Cell Wall)
Structural Component:

A

Structural Component: Peptidoglycan

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37
Q

Organism: Fungi (Cell Membrane/Wall)
Structural Component:

A

Chitin

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38
Q

Organism: Animals (Cell Membrane)
Structural Component:

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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39
Q

Peptidoglycan
Gram-(+)-THICK peptidoglycan (w/o outer membrane) [color?]

A

Violet

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40
Q

Peptidoglycan
Gram-(-)-THIN peptidoglycan (w/outer membrane) [color?]

A

Pinkish

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41
Q

Gram Staining

Primary Stain

A

Violet (Crystal/Gentian)

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42
Q

Gram Staining

Secondary Stain

A

Safranin

43
Q

Gram Staining

Decolorizer

A

Alcohol

44
Q

Gram Staining

Mordant (Fixative)

A

Iodine

45
Q

Gram Staining

Mnemonics:VIAS

A

Violet (Crystal/Gentian)
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

46
Q

▪️Liquid part of the cell
▪️Semi-transparent fluid that suspends other element (Gel-like fluid)
▪️ Site of Glycolysis,Glycogenesis and Fatty Acid synthesis

A

Cytosol

47
Q

Small organs

A

Organelles

48
Q

Site of protein synthesis
Location: Cytosol

Not enclosed by a membrane; not strictly an organelle

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

System of fluid filled cistERns

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

50
Q

▪️Has ribosomes
▪️Major site of PROTEIN Synthesis & Folding

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

▪️No ribosomes
▪️LIPID & hormone Synthesis
▪️ Participates in detoxification

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

PACKAGERS/SORTING CENTER of the cell (store, modify, package and transport proteins)

Discovered by Camillo Golgi

A

Golgi apparatus / Dictyosomes

53
Q

▪️ Suicide bags of the cell
▪️ Scavenger of the cell
▪️ Digestive vesicles containing HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES or hydrolases that degrade lipids, nucleic acid and proteins
▪️Site for Autolysis (automatic breakdown)

A

Lysosomes

54
Q

“Self-eating”

A

Autophagy

55
Q

▪️ Contain oxidative enzymes/ microbodies
▪️ Secrete CATALASE and OXIDASE
▪️Degrade hydrogen peroxide (free radical)

A

Peroxisomes

56
Q

▪️ Powerhouse of the cell
▪️Has its own DNA
▪️Major Site of ATP Synthesis

A

Mitochondrion

57
Q

Site of beta-oxidation, ETC (Respiratory Chain), oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis), Krebs cycle and ketogenesis

A

Mitochondrion

58
Q

Mitochondrion Parts:
Outer:
Inner:
Matrix:

A

Outer: Porins
Inner: ETC
Matrix: Metabolic Enzymes (ATP), Mitochondrion (DNA & Ribosomes), Krebs

59
Q

▪️Energy currency of cells
▪️ Has 2 High Energy Phosphoanhydride Bond (HEPB)
▪️Bond hydrolyzed - energy release = 30.5 kJ/mol

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

60
Q

Bond hydrolyzed - Energy release = 30.5 kJ/mol

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

61
Q

▪️ Scaffolding of the cell
▪️ Maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cellular movement

A

Cytoskeleton

62
Q

▪️Contain 20 microtubules & a basal body
▪️ Move fluids over a cell surface

A

Cilia

63
Q

▪️Contain 20 microtubules & a basal body, much longer than cilia
▪️ Move an entire cell

A

Flagella

64
Q

PARTS OF PLANT CELL
Contributes to the RIGIDITY of the cell

A

Cell wall

65
Q

PARTS OF PLANT CELL
▪️Storage organelle
▪️Contibute to the TURBIDITY of the cell
▪️Present in animals and plants but it is much larger in plants

A

Vacuole

66
Q

PARTS OF PLANT CELL
▪️Produce the green pigment (chlorophyll)
▪️Has its own DNA

A

Chloroplasts (Plastids)

67
Q

▪️Proteinaceous and infectious
▪️Infectious agents consisting of protein but no nucleic acid

A

Prions

68
Q

Prions causative of:

A
  1. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
  2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
  3. Alzheimer’s Disease
  4. Kuru Disease
69
Q

▪️Also known as Mad Cow Disease in cattle
▪️ can misfold the normal prion

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

70
Q

▪️ Spongiform in human
▪️Fatal brain disorder; usually within one year of onset of illness

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

71
Q

Misfolding leads to insoluble aggregates fibrils deposited in the brain

Triggers neurodegeneration

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

72
Q

Existing among cannibals-when they eat a brain infected with prions (patients with CJD)

A

Kuru Disease

73
Q

Two types of cell division

A
  1. Somatic Cell Division (Mitosis + Cytokinesis)
  2. Reproductive Cell Division (Meiosis)
74
Q

▪️ Cell Multiplication
▪️ Cytoplasmic division (produces two daughter cells)
▪️ Happens in Somatic cells
▪️ Produces diploid cells

A

Mitosis

75
Q

▪️ Cell Division
▪️ Cytoplasmic + Nuclear Division
▪️ Happens in Sex cells
▪️ Produces Haploid cells

A

Meiosis

76
Q

▪️Complete set of chromosomes
▪️ 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
▪️ 22 somatic chromosomes
▪️ 1 sex chromosomes

A

Mitosis

77
Q

23 chromosomes

A

Meiosis

78
Q

▪️ Number of Divisions: 1
▪️ Interphase
▪️ Prophase
▪️ Metaphase
▪️ Anaphase
▪️ Telophase

A

Mitosis

79
Q

▪️ Number of Divisions: 2
▪️ Interphase 1 only
▪️ Prophase 1 & 2
▪️ Metaphase 1 & 2
▪️ Anaphase 1 & 2
▪️ Telophase 1 & 2

A

Meiosis

80
Q

Variations in Chromosome Number

One or more chromosomes are missing are present in more than their usual number

Abnormalities in number of chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

81
Q

Variations in Chromosome Number

Loss of an entire set of chromosomes

A

Monoploidy

82
Q

Variations in Chromosome Number

Duplication of an entire set of chromosomes

A

Euploidy

83
Q

AKA: Phosphatidylcholine

A

Lecithin

84
Q

AKA: Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Cephalin

85
Q

AKA: Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin)

A

Glycerol

86
Q

Patau Syndrome

A

Trisomy 13

87
Q

Edward’s Syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

88
Q

▪️47, XXY Males
▪️45 XO Genotype
▪️Males born with extra X chromosome
▪️Exhibits female traits

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

89
Q

▪️47, XXX Females
▪️Superfemale Syndrome
▪️Females with extra X chromosome

A

Trisomy X

90
Q

▪️45 XO Genotype
▪️Females who lack one X chromosome

A

Monosomy X (Turner’s Syndrome)

91
Q

Monosomy X also known as

A

Turner’s Syndrome

92
Q

Sequence of Cell Cycle

A
  1. Interphase
    * G1Phase
    * S Phase
    * G2 Phase
  2. Mitosis
    *Prophase
    *Metaphase
    *Anaphase
    *Telophase
  3. Cytokinesis
93
Q

Pre-DNA Phase
Longest duration
Growth Phase

A

G1 Phase

94
Q

DNA Synthesis Phase /DNA Replication

A

S Phase

95
Q

Pre-Mitosis Phase (DNA Supercoils)

A

G2 Phase

96
Q

Chromosomal formation; in presence of histones

A

Prophase

97
Q

Chromosomal alignment

Chromosomal are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle

A

Metaphase

98
Q

Chromosomal migration; break spindle fibers some in south pole and north pole

A

Anaphase

99
Q

Nuclear reconstitution; total separation of the nucleus

A

Telophase

100
Q

▪️Division of cytoplasm
▪️Total separation of the cell
▪️Considered as the last phase of mitosis

A

Cytokinesis

101
Q

▪️Basic unit of hereditary
▪️Codes for specific products (RNA, proteins)

A

Gene

102
Q

The digestive enzymes of cellular compounds are confined to the

A

Lysosomes - from Golgi apparatus

103
Q

Present in the CELL MEMBRANE

▪️Plants
▪️Animals
▪️Fungi

A

▪️Stigmasterol (Plants)
▪️Cholesterol (Animals)
▪️Ergosterol (Fungi)

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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