Cell Flashcards
1
Q
Basic unit of life
A
Cell
2
Q
Three distinct parts of the cell
A
- Nucleus
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
3
Q
Control center of the cell
A
Nucleus
4
Q
General term referring to organic compounds essential to life
A
Biomolecule
5
Q
▪️ Control center of the cell
▪️ Most important organelle
▪️ Contains and stores the genetic material or information
A
Nucleus
6
Q
Protects the genetic material or protective covering
A
Nuclear membrane / envelope
7
Q
Where exchange of material for nutrients between nucleus and rest of the cell occurs
A
Nuclear pores
8
Q
Liquid part of the nucleus
A
Nucleoplasm / Karyoplasm
9
Q
▪️Organize structural unit
▪️Thread-like genetic material
A
Chromatin
10
Q
Fundamental unit of chromatin
A
Nucleosome
11
Q
▪️ROD-like; involved during cell division
▪️Self-replicating unit
▪️Holds all genes; condenses DNA
A
Chromosomes
12
Q
▪️How many pair of chromosomes?
▪️Pair 1-22 are?
▪️Pair 23 are?
A
▪️23
▪️Autosome
▪️Sex Chromosomes
13
Q
XX -
XY -
A
XX - Female
XY - Male
14
Q
▪️Three copies of Chromosome 21
▪️47 Chromosomes
A
Trisomy 21 / Down Syndrome / Mongoloids
15
Q
Small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleusome structure of the chromatin
A
Histones
16
Q
▪️Protective covering of the whole cell
▪️Outermost structure of the cell that decide its CONTOUR
▪️SEMIPERMEABLE
A
Plasma membrane / Plasmalemma
17
Q
Plasma Membrane
Too much water ENTERS the cell
Too much water EXITS the cell
A
Swell -> Burst (Lysis)
Shrink (Crenation)
18
Q
Main structural component of the cell membrane
A
Phospholipid
19
Q
Cell is usually phospholipid bilayer which compose?
A
1 polar or hydrophilic head and
2 non-polar hydrophobic tail
Lamellar Theory or Unit Membrane Theory
20
Q
▪️Without true nucleus
▪️No membrane bound organelles
▪️ Circular DNA
A
Prokaryote
Pro- before Karya- nucleus
21
Q
▪️With TRUE nucleus
▪️Membrane bound organelles are PRESENT
▪️Linear DNA
A
Eukaryote
Eu- true
22
Q
30s + 50s =70s
A
Prokaryote
23
Q
40s + 60s = 80s
A
Eukaryote
24
Q
Conjugates of Sugar + Lipids
A
Glycolipids
25
Glycolipids aka?
Glucosylceramide / Galactosylceramide
26
▪️Simplest glycolipids
▪️Glucose / Galactose
Cerebrosides
27
Flow (Conc. Gradient) - AGAINST UPHILL direction
Energy Requiring - Yes
Ex. Na K ATPase Pump
Carrier Mediated: Yes
Active transport
28
Flow (Conc. Gradient) - ALONG DOWNHILL direction
Energy Requiring - No
Ex. Ion Channels
Passive Transport
29
Carrier Mediated:
No-Passive Diffusion
Yes-Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Transport
30
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
31
▪️Precursor of arachidonic acid
▪️Derived from arachidonic acid
Eicosanoid
32
Main inflammatory mediators
Prostaglandin
33
Platelet aggregation
Thromboxane
34
▪️PG
▪️PGI2
▪️LT
▪️TXA
▪️ Prostaglandin
▪️ Prostacyclin
▪️ Leukotriene
▪️ Thromboxane
35
Organism: Plants (Cell Wall)
Structural Component:
Structural Component: Cellulose
36
Organism: Bacteria (Cell Wall)
Structural Component:
Structural Component: Peptidoglycan
37
Organism: Fungi (Cell Membrane/Wall)
Structural Component:
Chitin
38
Organism: Animals (Cell Membrane)
Structural Component:
Phospholipid bilayer
39
Peptidoglycan
Gram-(+)-THICK peptidoglycan (w/o outer membrane) [color?]
Violet
40
Peptidoglycan
Gram-(-)-THIN peptidoglycan (w/outer membrane) [color?]
Pinkish
41
Gram Staining
Primary Stain
Violet (Crystal/Gentian)
42
Gram Staining
Secondary Stain
Safranin
43
Gram Staining
Decolorizer
Alcohol
44
Gram Staining
Mordant (Fixative)
Iodine
45
Gram Staining
Mnemonics:VIAS
Violet (Crystal/Gentian)
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin
46
▪️Liquid part of the cell
▪️Semi-transparent fluid that suspends other element (Gel-like fluid)
▪️ Site of Glycolysis,Glycogenesis and Fatty Acid synthesis
Cytosol
47
Small organs
Organelles
48
Site of protein synthesis
Location: Cytosol
Not enclosed by a membrane; not strictly an organelle
Ribosomes
49
System of fluid filled cistERns
Endoplasmic Reticulum
50
▪️Has ribosomes
▪️Major site of PROTEIN Synthesis & Folding
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
51
▪️No ribosomes
▪️LIPID & hormone Synthesis
▪️ Participates in detoxification
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
52
PACKAGERS/SORTING CENTER of the cell (store, modify, package and transport proteins)
Discovered by Camillo Golgi
Golgi apparatus / Dictyosomes
53
▪️ Suicide bags of the cell
▪️ Scavenger of the cell
▪️ Digestive vesicles containing HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES or hydrolases that degrade lipids, nucleic acid and proteins
▪️Site for Autolysis (automatic breakdown)
Lysosomes
54
"Self-eating"
Autophagy
55
▪️ Contain oxidative enzymes/ microbodies
▪️ Secrete CATALASE and OXIDASE
▪️Degrade hydrogen peroxide (free radical)
Peroxisomes
56
▪️ Powerhouse of the cell
▪️Has its own DNA
▪️Major Site of ATP Synthesis
Mitochondrion
57
Site of beta-oxidation, ETC (Respiratory Chain), oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis), Krebs cycle and ketogenesis
Mitochondrion
58
Mitochondrion Parts:
Outer:
Inner:
Matrix:
Outer: Porins
Inner: ETC
Matrix: Metabolic Enzymes (ATP), Mitochondrion (DNA & Ribosomes), Krebs
59
▪️Energy currency of cells
▪️ Has 2 High Energy Phosphoanhydride Bond (HEPB)
▪️Bond hydrolyzed - energy release = 30.5 kJ/mol
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
60
Bond hydrolyzed - Energy release = 30.5 kJ/mol
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
61
▪️ Scaffolding of the cell
▪️ Maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cellular movement
Cytoskeleton
62
▪️Contain 20 microtubules & a basal body
▪️ Move fluids over a cell surface
Cilia
63
▪️Contain 20 microtubules & a basal body, much longer than cilia
▪️ Move an entire cell
Flagella
64
PARTS OF PLANT CELL
Contributes to the RIGIDITY of the cell
Cell wall
65
PARTS OF PLANT CELL
▪️Storage organelle
▪️Contibute to the TURBIDITY of the cell
▪️Present in animals and plants but it is much larger in plants
Vacuole
66
PARTS OF PLANT CELL
▪️Produce the green pigment (chlorophyll)
▪️Has its own DNA
Chloroplasts (Plastids)
67
▪️Proteinaceous and infectious
▪️Infectious agents consisting of protein but no nucleic acid
Prions
68
Prions causative of:
1. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
3. Alzheimer's Disease
4. Kuru Disease
69
▪️Also known as Mad Cow Disease in cattle
▪️ can misfold the normal prion
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
70
▪️ Spongiform in human
▪️Fatal brain disorder; usually within one year of onset of illness
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
71
Misfolding leads to insoluble aggregates fibrils deposited in the brain
Triggers neurodegeneration
Alzheimer's Disease
72
Existing among cannibals-when they eat a brain infected with prions (patients with CJD)
Kuru Disease
73
Two types of cell division
1. Somatic Cell Division (Mitosis + Cytokinesis)
2. Reproductive Cell Division (Meiosis)
74
▪️ Cell Multiplication
▪️ Cytoplasmic division (produces two daughter cells)
▪️ Happens in Somatic cells
▪️ Produces diploid cells
Mitosis
75
▪️ Cell Division
▪️ Cytoplasmic + Nuclear Division
▪️ Happens in Sex cells
▪️ Produces Haploid cells
Meiosis
76
▪️Complete set of chromosomes
▪️ 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
▪️ 22 somatic chromosomes
▪️ 1 sex chromosomes
Mitosis
77
23 chromosomes
Meiosis
78
▪️ Number of Divisions: 1
▪️ Interphase
▪️ Prophase
▪️ Metaphase
▪️ Anaphase
▪️ Telophase
Mitosis
79
▪️ Number of Divisions: 2
▪️ Interphase 1 only
▪️ Prophase 1 & 2
▪️ Metaphase 1 & 2
▪️ Anaphase 1 & 2
▪️ Telophase 1 & 2
Meiosis
80
Variations in Chromosome Number
One or more chromosomes are missing are present in more than their usual number
Abnormalities in number of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
81
Variations in Chromosome Number
Loss of an entire set of chromosomes
Monoploidy
82
Variations in Chromosome Number
Duplication of an entire set of chromosomes
Euploidy
83
AKA: Phosphatidylcholine
Lecithin
84
AKA: Phosphatidylethanolamine
Cephalin
85
AKA: Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin)
Glycerol
86
Patau Syndrome
Trisomy 13
87
Edward's Syndrome
Trisomy 18
88
▪️47, XXY Males
▪️45 XO Genotype
▪️Males born with extra X chromosome
▪️Exhibits female traits
Klinefelter's Syndrome
89
▪️47, XXX Females
▪️Superfemale Syndrome
▪️Females with extra X chromosome
Trisomy X
90
▪️45 XO Genotype
▪️Females who lack one X chromosome
Monosomy X (Turner's Syndrome)
91
Monosomy X also known as
Turner's Syndrome
92
Sequence of Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
* G1Phase
* S Phase
* G2 Phase
2. Mitosis
*Prophase
*Metaphase
*Anaphase
*Telophase
3. Cytokinesis
93
Pre-DNA Phase
Longest duration
Growth Phase
G1 Phase
94
DNA Synthesis Phase /DNA Replication
S Phase
95
Pre-Mitosis Phase (DNA Supercoils)
G2 Phase
96
Chromosomal formation; in presence of histones
Prophase
97
Chromosomal alignment
Chromosomal are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle
Metaphase
98
Chromosomal migration; break spindle fibers some in south pole and north pole
Anaphase
99
Nuclear reconstitution; total separation of the nucleus
Telophase
100
▪️Division of cytoplasm
▪️Total separation of the cell
▪️Considered as the last phase of mitosis
Cytokinesis
101
▪️Basic unit of hereditary
▪️Codes for specific products (RNA, proteins)
Gene
102
The digestive enzymes of cellular compounds are confined to the
Lysosomes - from Golgi apparatus
103
Present in the CELL MEMBRANE
▪️Plants
▪️Animals
▪️Fungi
▪️Stigmasterol (Plants)
▪️Cholesterol (Animals)
▪️Ergosterol (Fungi)
