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M2: Biochemistry > PHARMACOGNOSY > Flashcards

PHARMACOGNOSY Flashcards

1
Q

Taxol Paclitaxel is an (use?)

A

Anticancer agent

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2
Q

Taxanes are originally from?

A

Bark Taxus brevifolia
Genus: Taxus
CN: Pacific Yew

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3
Q

MOA of taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel

A

Inhibit the depolymerization of microtubules

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4
Q

Sinigrin is an

A

Isothiocyanate

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5
Q

Glycoside; Prunasin is

A

Cyanogenic Glycoside

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6
Q

A cyanogenic glycoside that occurs in the bark of Prunus serotina (Wild Cherry)

A

Prunasin

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7
Q

Prunasin occurs in (3)

A
  1. Prunus serotina
  2. Kernel of bitter almonds - P.amygdalus
  3. Kernels of Apricot - P.armeniaca
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8
Q

Prunasin is a (what type of glycoside?)

A

Cyanogenic Glycoside

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9
Q

The aglycone of Prunasin is

A

Mandelonitrile (non-sugar)

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10
Q

Prunasin yields what?

A

Yields Hydrocyanic (HCN) on hydrolysis

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11
Q

(under Glycosides)

Both alpha & beta glycosides exist, but what ONLY form occurs in nature?

A

ONLY the beta-form occurs in nature

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12
Q

What natural enzymes hydrolyze only the beta-form

A

Emulsin, hydrolyze only the beta form

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13
Q

In Glycosides the NON-SUGAR & SUGAR component is called?

A

Non-sugar: Aglycone
Sugar: Glycone

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14
Q

Is Glycosides are acetals

A

Yes
They are acetals in which the hydroxyl of the sugar is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the non sugar component

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15
Q

Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and they are (what in water?)

A

SOLUBLE in water

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16
Q

What are the examples of Flavonoids (3)

A

Rutin
Quercitrin
Hesperidin

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17
Q

Rutin and Hesperidin are called what?

A

Vitamin P (Permeability Factors)

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18
Q

2 Permeability Factors (RpH)

A

Rutin
Hesperidin

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19
Q

These are aglycones of flavonol glycosides

A

Naringin

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20
Q

In tannins the more resistant to microbial attack is?

A

Non-hydrolyzable tannins more resistant to microbial attack compared to hydrolyzable tannins

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21
Q

Gallotannin is what type of tannins?

A

Hydrolyzable Tannin

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22
Q

What type of tannins is stated below?

▪️Consists of GALLIC ACID or related polyhydric compounds is esterified with glucose.

Readily hydrolyzed to form PHENOLIC ACID and SUGARS

A

Hydrolyzable Tannins

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23
Q

Non-hydrolyzable Tannins is also called

A

CONDENSED Tannins

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24
Q

What type of tannins is stated below?

▪️ Results from the condensation of 2 or more Flavan-3-ols, such as catechin or flavan-3,4- diols such as leukocyanidin

A

Non-hydrolyzable or Condensed Tannins

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25
When treated with hydrolytic agents (+HCl) they tend to polymerize, yielding insoluble, red colored products called (?)
Phlobaphenes
26
Condensed Tannins are SOLUBLE in?
Polar solvents such water, alcohols, and acetone and can coagulate proteins
27
The metallic salts of resins are called what?
Resonates
28
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain what?
Cinnamic acid Benzoic acid (or both) Or Esters of these acids
29
Resins are what in water?
Insoluble in water
30
The parent alkaloid of the quinine series is
Cinchonine
31
Quinine and Quinidine are chemically what?
6-methoxycinchonine
32
Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Quinine, and Quinidine are what type of Alkaloids?
Quinoline Alkaloids
33
1. The isomer of Cinchonine is? 2. The isomer of Quinine is?
1. Cinchonidine 2. Quinidine
34
Quinine are use as what type of agent?
Anti-malarial agent
35
What is a natural products that prone to microbial attack?
Gums and Mucilages
36
Classsification of Gum and Mucilages (5)
1. Shrub or Trees Exudates 2. Marine Gums 3. Seed Gums 4. Microbial Gums 5. Cellulose Derivatives
37
Examples of Shrub or Tree Exudates (Plant Exudates) in Gum and Mucilage Mnemonic: Aki Travis Stayed India
Acacia Tragacanth Sterculia (Karaya) -Fetid Odor India (Ghatti) -substitute fo Acacia
38
In Gum and Mucilages the most resistant to acid hydrolysis?
Tragacanth Gum (shrub or tree exudates)
39
Acacia must not be added to alcohol because it may result to what?
Turbidity
40
Examples of Marine Gums (seaweeds, algae) in Gum and Mucilage Mnemonic: Dan & Al Japan car
1. Danish Agar 2. Algin (brown seaweeds) 3. Japanese Isinglas (Agar) 4. Carrageenan (Irish moss)
41
Examples of Seed Gums in Gum and Mucilage (4)
1. Quince (Cydonium) 2. St. John's Bread (Locust Bean Gum) 3. Guar 4. Psyllium
42
Examples of Microbial Gums in Gum and Mucilage
Xanthan Gum Xanthomas campestris (microbes that produce Xanthan)
43
Examples of Cellulose Derivatives in Gum and Mucilage
Carboxymethylcellulose - alternative to gums & mucilages
44
Examples of Plant Extract in Gum and Mucilages
Pectin-extract (Citris, Apple Pomace)
45
Methods of Extracting Volatile Oil (7)
1. Water distillation 2. Direct steam distillation 3. Water and steam distillation 4. Destructive distillation 5. Ecuelle 6. Enfleurage 7. Enzymatic Action
46
Identify what Method use: - Dried sample - Turpentine oil (dried parts) (WaTur)
Water Distillation
47
Identify what Method use: - Fresh sample - Peppermint oil, Spearmint oil
Direct Steam Distillation
48
Identify what Method use: - Dried or Fresh Sample - Clove oil, Cinnamon oil
Water & Steam Distillation
49
Identify what Method use: - Empyreumatic oil - Tar oil
Destructive Distillation or Pyrolysis
50
Identify what Method use: - citrus volatile oils - Lemon oil (rind)
Ecuelle or Expression
51
Identify what Method use: - flower petals - lavender, rose oil
Enfleurage
52
Identify what Method use: - glycosidic volatile oil - mustard oil (enzyme:myrosin)
Enzymatic Action
53
Volatile oil is made of what?
Terpenes (1:2 -> 1 Terpene: 2 Isoprene)
54
What is this CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2
Isoprene
55
What Type of Terpene is stated below: - 2-C10H16 - ex. carvone (caraway oil), linalyl acetate (lavender oil), diosphenol (buchu oil) = Ketone - ex: methylsalicylate (wintergreen oil) = ester
Monoterpenes
56
What Type of Terpene is stated below: - 3-C15H24 - ex: artemisinin (anti-malarial), bisabolol, fernesol, eudesmol
Sesquiterpenes
57
What Type of Terpene is stated below: - 4-C20H32 - ex: retinol/retinal and phytol, ginkgolides, bilobalides (from gingko biloba) taxanes
Diterpenes
58
What Type of Terpene is stated below: - 6-C30H48 - ex: lanosterol, squalene
Triterpenes
59
What Type of Terpene is stated below: - 8-C40H64 - ex: beta carotene, lycopene
Tetraterpene
60
Alkaloidal Precipitants - Mercury in KI
Mayers Reagent
61
Alkaloidal Precipitants - Iodine in potassium iodide (W-I-KI)
Wagner's Reagent
62
Alkaloidal Precipitants - Potassium Bismuth Iodide
Dragendorff's Reagent
63
What reagent is Picric Acid (BEQ)
Hager's Reagent
64
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) Use: Oxytocic (induce labor) agent
Ergonovine (Indole)
65
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Rauvolfia serpentina Use: Hypotensive agent
Reserpine (Indole)
66
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Atropa belladonna,Mydriatic Use: Antidote (for Malathion, Parathion toxicity), Anti-siologogue-salivary
Atropine (Atropane)
67
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Datura stramonium/Hyoscyamus niger Use: Anti-cholinergic, spasmolytic/anti-spasmodic
Hyoscyamine (Tropane)
68
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Lobelia inflata Use: Smoking deterrent
Lobeline (Pyridine-Piperidine)
69
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Erythroxylum coca Use: local anesthetic
Cocaine (Tropane)
70
IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS Source: Nicotiana tabacum Use: deterrent cessation program
Nicotine (Pyridine-Piperidine)
71
Aka Racemic Hyoscyamine
Atropine
72
Aka Hyoscine
Scopolamine
73
A condensation product of pyrrolidine and pipiridine
Tropane Alkaloids
74
The class to which opium alkaloids belong
Isoquinoline
75
The class to which ergonovine, reserpine and strychnine belong
Indole Alkaloids
76
The class to which quinine, quinidine, and cinchonine and cinchonidine belong
Quinoline Alkaloids
77
The class to which caffeine and theobromine belong
Purine alkaloids
78
PLANT HORMONES ▪️ metabolic INHIBITOR ▪️ acts as an ANTAGONIST to give gibberellic acid and increases tolerance of plants to STRESS ▪️ Induces seed DORMANCY ▪️ helps in seed development and maturation
Abscissic acid
79
PLANT HORMONES ▪️to grow ▪️FIRST plant growth hormone to be discovered ▪️ isolated from human URINE ▪️ found in growing STEMS and ROOTS ▪️promotes flowering
Auxins
80
PLANT HORMONES ▪️ they are 100 kinds of this hormone ▪️ increase axis length (lengthens the stems of SUGAR CANE) ▪️ HASTENS maturity ▪️ promotes seeds GERMINATION
Gibberellins
81
PLANT HORMONES ▪️ exist in areas where rapid CELL DIVISION ▪️ delays leaf senescence by promoting mobilization of nutrients ▪️ help overcome apical dominance
Cytokinins
82
PLANT HORMONES ▪️GASEOUS hormone ▪️hastens fruit RIPENING ▪️ promotes obsession and senescence
Ethylene
83
Family: Labiatae/Lamiaceae Mentha piperita Mentha spicata Thymus vulgaris Lavandula angustifolia Origanum vulgare
Glandualr Oils
84
Family: Piperaceae Piper nigrum Peperomia pellucida
Modified Parenchymal Cells
85
Umbelliferae/Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Coriandrum sativum Carum carvi Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock)
Vittae (oil tubes)
86
Rutacea/Pinaceae Pinus palustris Pinus strobus Citrus spp *Artemisia absinthium
Schizogenous and Lysigenous Passages

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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