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M2: Biochemistry > PHARMACOGNOSY > Flashcards

PHARMACOGNOSY Flashcards

1
Q

Taxol Paclitaxel is an (use?)

A

Anticancer agent

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2
Q

Taxanes are originally from?

A

Bark Taxus brevifolia
Genus: Taxus
CN: Pacific Yew

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3
Q

MOA of taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel

A

Inhibit the depolymerization of microtubules

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4
Q

Sinigrin is an

A

Isothiocyanate

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5
Q

Glycoside; Prunasin is

A

Cyanogenic Glycoside

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6
Q

A cyanogenic glycoside that occurs in the bark of Prunus serotina (Wild Cherry)

A

Prunasin

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7
Q

Prunasin occurs in (3)

A
  1. Prunus serotina
  2. Kernel of bitter almonds - P.amygdalus
  3. Kernels of Apricot - P.armeniaca
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8
Q

Prunasin is a (what type of glycoside?)

A

Cyanogenic Glycoside

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9
Q

The aglycone of Prunasin is

A

Mandelonitrile (non-sugar)

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10
Q

Prunasin yields what?

A

Yields Hydrocyanic (HCN) on hydrolysis

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11
Q

(under Glycosides)

Both alpha & beta glycosides exist, but what ONLY form occurs in nature?

A

ONLY the beta-form occurs in nature

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12
Q

What natural enzymes hydrolyze only the beta-form

A

Emulsin, hydrolyze only the beta form

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13
Q

In Glycosides the NON-SUGAR & SUGAR component is called?

A

Non-sugar: Aglycone
Sugar: Glycone

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14
Q

Is Glycosides are acetals

A

Yes
They are acetals in which the hydroxyl of the sugar is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the non sugar component

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15
Q

Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and they are (what in water?)

A

SOLUBLE in water

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16
Q

What are the examples of Flavonoids (3)

A

Rutin
Quercitrin
Hesperidin

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17
Q

Rutin and Hesperidin are called what?

A

Vitamin P (Permeability Factors)

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18
Q

2 Permeability Factors (RpH)

A

Rutin
Hesperidin

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19
Q

These are aglycones of flavonol glycosides

A

Naringin

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20
Q

In tannins the more resistant to microbial attack is?

A

Non-hydrolyzable tannins more resistant to microbial attack compared to hydrolyzable tannins

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21
Q

Gallotannin is what type of tannins?

A

Hydrolyzable Tannin

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22
Q

What type of tannins is stated below?

▪️Consists of GALLIC ACID or related polyhydric compounds is esterified with glucose.

Readily hydrolyzed to form PHENOLIC ACID and SUGARS

A

Hydrolyzable Tannins

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23
Q

Non-hydrolyzable Tannins is also called

A

CONDENSED Tannins

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24
Q

What type of tannins is stated below?

▪️ Results from the condensation of 2 or more Flavan-3-ols, such as catechin or flavan-3,4- diols such as leukocyanidin

A

Non-hydrolyzable or Condensed Tannins

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25
Q

When treated with hydrolytic agents (+HCl) they tend to polymerize, yielding insoluble, red colored products called (?)

A

Phlobaphenes

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26
Q

Condensed Tannins are SOLUBLE in?

A

Polar solvents such water, alcohols, and acetone and can coagulate proteins

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27
Q

The metallic salts of resins are called what?

A

Resonates

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28
Q

Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain what?

A

Cinnamic acid
Benzoic acid (or both)
Or Esters of these acids

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29
Q

Resins are what in water?

A

Insoluble in water

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30
Q

The parent alkaloid of the quinine series is

A

Cinchonine

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31
Q

Quinine and Quinidine are chemically what?

A

6-methoxycinchonine

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32
Q

Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Quinine, and Quinidine are what type of Alkaloids?

A

Quinoline Alkaloids

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33
Q
  1. The isomer of Cinchonine is?
  2. The isomer of Quinine is?
A
  1. Cinchonidine
  2. Quinidine
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34
Q

Quinine are use as what type of agent?

A

Anti-malarial agent

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35
Q

What is a natural products that prone to microbial attack?

A

Gums and Mucilages

36
Q

Classsification of Gum and Mucilages (5)

A
  1. Shrub or Trees Exudates
  2. Marine Gums
  3. Seed Gums
  4. Microbial Gums
  5. Cellulose Derivatives
37
Q

Examples of Shrub or Tree Exudates (Plant Exudates) in Gum and Mucilage

Mnemonic:
Aki Travis Stayed India

A

Acacia
Tragacanth
Sterculia (Karaya) -Fetid Odor
India (Ghatti) -substitute fo Acacia

38
Q

In Gum and Mucilages the most resistant to acid hydrolysis?

A

Tragacanth Gum (shrub or tree exudates)

39
Q

Acacia must not be added to alcohol because it may result to what?

A

Turbidity

40
Q

Examples of Marine Gums (seaweeds, algae) in Gum and Mucilage

Mnemonic:
Dan & Al Japan car

A
  1. Danish Agar
  2. Algin (brown seaweeds)
  3. Japanese Isinglas (Agar)
  4. Carrageenan (Irish moss)
41
Q

Examples of Seed Gums in Gum and Mucilage (4)

A
  1. Quince (Cydonium)
  2. St. John’s Bread (Locust Bean Gum)
  3. Guar
  4. Psyllium
42
Q

Examples of Microbial Gums in Gum and Mucilage

A

Xanthan Gum
Xanthomas campestris (microbes that produce Xanthan)

43
Q

Examples of Cellulose Derivatives in Gum and Mucilage

A

Carboxymethylcellulose - alternative to gums & mucilages

44
Q

Examples of Plant Extract in Gum and Mucilages

A

Pectin-extract (Citris, Apple Pomace)

45
Q

Methods of Extracting Volatile Oil (7)

A
  1. Water distillation
  2. Direct steam distillation
  3. Water and steam distillation
  4. Destructive distillation
  5. Ecuelle
  6. Enfleurage
  7. Enzymatic Action
46
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • Dried sample
  • Turpentine oil (dried parts)

(WaTur)

A

Water Distillation

47
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • Fresh sample
  • Peppermint oil, Spearmint oil
A

Direct Steam Distillation

48
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • Dried or Fresh Sample
  • Clove oil, Cinnamon oil
A

Water & Steam Distillation

49
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • Empyreumatic oil
  • Tar oil
A

Destructive Distillation or Pyrolysis

50
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • citrus volatile oils
  • Lemon oil (rind)
A

Ecuelle or Expression

51
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • flower petals
  • lavender, rose oil
A

Enfleurage

52
Q

Identify what Method use:

  • glycosidic volatile oil
  • mustard oil (enzyme:myrosin)
A

Enzymatic Action

53
Q

Volatile oil is made of what?

A

Terpenes (1:2 -> 1 Terpene: 2 Isoprene)

54
Q

What is this

CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2

A

Isoprene

55
Q

What Type of Terpene is stated below:

  • 2-C10H16
  • ex. carvone (caraway oil), linalyl acetate (lavender oil), diosphenol (buchu oil) = Ketone
  • ex: methylsalicylate (wintergreen oil) = ester
A

Monoterpenes

56
Q

What Type of Terpene is stated below:

  • 3-C15H24
  • ex: artemisinin (anti-malarial), bisabolol, fernesol, eudesmol
A

Sesquiterpenes

57
Q

What Type of Terpene is stated below:

  • 4-C20H32
  • ex: retinol/retinal and phytol, ginkgolides, bilobalides (from gingko biloba) taxanes
A

Diterpenes

58
Q

What Type of Terpene is stated below:

  • 6-C30H48
  • ex: lanosterol, squalene
A

Triterpenes

59
Q

What Type of Terpene is stated below:

  • 8-C40H64
  • ex: beta carotene, lycopene
A

Tetraterpene

60
Q

Alkaloidal Precipitants

  • Mercury in KI
A

Mayers Reagent

61
Q

Alkaloidal Precipitants

  • Iodine in potassium iodide

(W-I-KI)

A

Wagner’s Reagent

62
Q

Alkaloidal Precipitants

  • Potassium Bismuth Iodide
A

Dragendorff’s Reagent

63
Q

What reagent is Picric Acid (BEQ)

A

Hager’s Reagent

64
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
Use: Oxytocic (induce labor) agent

A

Ergonovine (Indole)

65
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Rauvolfia serpentina
Use: Hypotensive agent

A

Reserpine (Indole)

66
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Atropa belladonna,Mydriatic
Use: Antidote (for Malathion, Parathion toxicity), Anti-siologogue-salivary

A

Atropine (Atropane)

67
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Datura stramonium/Hyoscyamus niger
Use: Anti-cholinergic, spasmolytic/anti-spasmodic

A

Hyoscyamine (Tropane)

68
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Lobelia inflata
Use: Smoking deterrent

A

Lobeline (Pyridine-Piperidine)

69
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Erythroxylum coca
Use: local anesthetic

A

Cocaine (Tropane)

70
Q

IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS

Source: Nicotiana tabacum
Use: deterrent cessation program

A

Nicotine (Pyridine-Piperidine)

71
Q

Aka Racemic Hyoscyamine

A

Atropine

72
Q

Aka Hyoscine

A

Scopolamine

73
Q

A condensation product of pyrrolidine and pipiridine

A

Tropane Alkaloids

74
Q

The class to which opium alkaloids belong

A

Isoquinoline

75
Q

The class to which ergonovine, reserpine and strychnine belong

A

Indole Alkaloids

76
Q

The class to which quinine, quinidine, and cinchonine and cinchonidine belong

A

Quinoline Alkaloids

77
Q

The class to which caffeine and theobromine belong

A

Purine alkaloids

78
Q

PLANT HORMONES
▪️ metabolic INHIBITOR
▪️ acts as an ANTAGONIST to give gibberellic acid and increases tolerance of plants to STRESS
▪️ Induces seed DORMANCY
▪️ helps in seed development and maturation

A

Abscissic acid

79
Q

PLANT HORMONES
▪️to grow
▪️FIRST plant growth hormone to be discovered
▪️ isolated from human URINE
▪️ found in growing STEMS and ROOTS
▪️promotes flowering

A

Auxins

80
Q

PLANT HORMONES
▪️ they are 100 kinds of this hormone
▪️ increase axis length (lengthens the stems of SUGAR CANE)
▪️ HASTENS maturity
▪️ promotes seeds GERMINATION

A

Gibberellins

81
Q

PLANT HORMONES
▪️ exist in areas where rapid CELL DIVISION
▪️ delays leaf senescence by promoting mobilization of nutrients
▪️ help overcome apical dominance

A

Cytokinins

82
Q

PLANT HORMONES
▪️GASEOUS hormone
▪️hastens fruit RIPENING
▪️ promotes obsession and senescence

A

Ethylene

83
Q

Family: Labiatae/Lamiaceae
Mentha piperita
Mentha spicata
Thymus vulgaris
Lavandula angustifolia
Origanum vulgare

A

Glandualr Oils

84
Q

Family: Piperaceae
Piper nigrum
Peperomia pellucida

A

Modified Parenchymal Cells

85
Q

Umbelliferae/Apiaceae
Foeniculum vulgare
Coriandrum sativum
Carum carvi
Conium maculatum
(Poison Hemlock)

A

Vittae (oil tubes)

86
Q

Rutacea/Pinaceae
Pinus palustris
Pinus strobus
Citrus spp
*Artemisia absinthium

A

Schizogenous and Lysigenous Passages

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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