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M2: Biochemistry > Carbohydrate > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Flashcards

1
Q

Made up of monomers (several units)

A

Polymers of life

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2
Q

Only biomolecule that is NOT a biopolymer

A

Lipids

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3
Q

MONOMER UNITS
▪️Carbohydrates (CH2O)
▪️Protein (CHON)
▪️Nucleic Acids

A

▪️Monosacharrides
▪️Amino Acids
▪️Nucleotides

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4
Q

BONDS
▪️Carbohydrates (CH2O)
▪️Protein (CHON)
▪️Nucleic Acids

A

▪️Glycosidic
▪️Peptide
▪️Phosphodiester

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5
Q

What are the Biopolymer

A
  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Protein
  3. Nucleic Acids
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6
Q

Major form of Stored CH2O in Animals

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

Major Storage form of foods (glucose) in plants

A

Starch

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8
Q

Polyhydroxy compound with aldehyde or ketone

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Most abundant group or organic molecules in nature

A

Carbohydrate

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10
Q

▪️Crystalline
▪️Sweet

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide

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11
Q

▪️Amorphous/Fibrous
▪️Tasteless

A

Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide

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12
Q

▪️Monosaccharide
▪️Sweetest sugar

A

Fructose

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13
Q

▪️Disaccharide
▪️Standard sweetness

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

▪️Disaccharide
▪️Milk sugar
▪️Least sweet

A

Lactose

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15
Q

Reducing sugars

A

All Monosaccharides with Maltose and Lactose (Disaccharides)

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16
Q

▪️Only ONE sugar unit
▪️Simplest and most basic unit

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

Carbonyl at Position 1

A

Aldose

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18
Q

Carbonyl at Position 2

A

Ketose

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19
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 2
▪️Hydroxyacetone (simplest mono)

A

Diose

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20
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 3
▪️ Glycerose, Glyceraldehyde (simplest aldose), Dihydroxyacetone

A

Triose

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21
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 4
▪️Erythrose, Erythulose

A

Tetrose

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22
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 5
▪️ Ribose, Xylulose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose

A

Pentose

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23
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 6
▪️ Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose
Most important monosaccharides

A

Hexose

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24
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 7
▪️Sedoheptulose

A

Heptose

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25
▪️# of Carbons: 9 ▪️Sialic Acid/Neuraminic Acid
Nonose
26
Most important sugar
Hexose
27
C2 epimer of Glu
Mannose
28
C4 epimer of Glu
Galactose
29
Functional isomer of Glu
Fructose
30
▪️Aldopentose ▪️ Sugar for Genetic Information ▪️Most common 5 carbon sugar
D-Ribose (under Pentoses)
31
Building block of several anticancer drugs
Arabinose
32
▪️Aka: Wood Sugar ▪️Diagnostic aid for instestinal malabsorption
Xylose
33
▪️ALDOHEXOSE ▪️Reducing Sugar as determined by Benedict's Test ▪️Occur as: linear & cyclic (boat/chair)
Glucose
34
Other names: Blood Sugar, Physiologic Sugar, Grape Sugar, Corn Sugar, Dextrose, D-glucopyranose
Glucose
35
▪️ALDOHEXOSE ▪️C4 epimer of glucose ▪️Galactosemia
Galactose
36
Cause cataract formation Accumulation of galactose levels in the blood
Galactosemia
37
▪️Ketohexose (Ketone group at C2) ▪️Sweetest Sugar ▪️Glu + Fru ▪️ Fruit sugar from sweet fruits & honey
Fructose
38
Aka: Levulose, Fruit Sugar
Fructose
39
Aka: Table Sugar ▪️(Glu+Fru)
Sucrose
40
▪️From Fungi (Ergot & Yeast) ▪️Non-reducing sugar ▪️(Glu+Glu)
Trehalose
41
Aka: Malt Sugar, Beer Sugar ▪️Reducing Sugar ▪️(Glu+Glu)
Maltose
42
▪️Product of cellulose breakdown ▪️(Glu+Glu)
Cellobiose
43
Aka: Milk Sugar ▪️ Lactose Intolerance ▪️Reducing Sugar ▪️(Gal+Glu)
Lactose
44
OLIGOSACCHARIDE Sugar Units: Gal+Glu+Fru
Raffinose
45
OLIGOSACCHARIDE Sugar Units: Glu+Glu+Glu
Maltotriose
46
OLIGOSACCHARIDE Sugar Units: Glu+Fru+Gal
Sucralose
47
OLIGOSACCHARIDE Sugar Units: Glu+Glu+Fru
Gentianose
48
▪️ They have many carbohydrate units (up to 1,000,000) ▪️They have limited solubility in water ▪️FUNCTIONS: Storage forms of energy & Structural materials
Polysaccharides
49
2 Types of Polysaccharides
1. Homoglycan 2. Heteroglycan
50
Contain the SAME type of monosaccharide subunit 1 type sugar unit ▪️ Starch ▪️ Glycogen ▪️ Dextran ▪️ Cellulose ▪️ Inulin
Homoglycan
51
Contain DIFFERENT type of monosaccharide units Yields more than 1 type of monosaccharide unit ▪️Gums ▪️Mucilage ▪️Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharide
Heteroglycan
52
▪️Linear ▪️Composed of 250 to 300 D-glucopyranose units ▪️a-1,4 glycosidic bonds ▪️Deep Blue ▪️Ratio of Starch: 25% ▪️Insoluble in H2O
Amylose
53
▪️Branching (every 25 units) ▪️Consists of 1000 or more glucose units ▪️a-1,4 linkages, a-1,6 (branch) ▪️Blue-Violet or Purple ▪️Ratio of Starch: 75% ▪️Soluble in H2O
Amylopectin
54
▪️Diagnostic agent for kidney function ▪️B-2,1
Inulin
55
▪️Glucosan; not a starch ▪️Linked by a-1,6 bond ▪️Used as an antithrombotic, to reduce blood viscosity, and volume expander in hypovolemia
Dextrin
56
▪️Heteroglycan ▪️Soluble polysaccharide in fruits
Pectin and Gums
57
▪️ Containing 1 or more amino SUGARS and URONIC derivatives ▪️ Linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units
Glycosaminoglycan
58
All GAGs (Glycosaminoglycan) are SULFATE, except
Hyaluronic acid
59
All GAGs contain URONIC ACIDS, except ________ that has Galactose
Keratan SO4
60
▪️Location: Vitreous humor, synovial fluid, umbilical cord, bacteria ▪️SPREADING FACTOR ▪️Only unsulfated GAGs ▪️A mucopolysaccharides that serve as an integral part of the gel-like ground substance of connective tissue
Hyaluronic acid
61
Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans (5)
1. Keratan SO4 2. Chondroitin SO4 3. Dermatan SO4 4. Heparin 5. Heparan SO4
62
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan ▪️Cartilage, tendon and ligaments
Chondroitin sulfate
63
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan ▪️Skin
Dermatan Sulfate
64
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan ▪️Cornea, nails
Keratan sulfate
65
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan ▪️Basement membrane of cells
Heparan sulfate
66
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan ▪️Mast cells, livers, lung, skin
Heparin
67
▪️ Homopolymer of n-acetyl-beta d-glucosamine ▪️Polymer of glucosamine found in insects ▪️ Homoglycan of n-acetyl glucosamine ▪️ Major structural constituent of exoskeleton of invertebrates
Chitin
68
▪️Branch polysaccharide of D-glucose used as storage in yeast and bacteria ▪️a-1,6
Dextran
69
D-mannose and D-galactose are
Isomers
70
D-galactose and D-glucose
Epimers
71
Osazone formation 1. Glucose: 💉 2 Galactose: ♦️ 3. Maltose: 🌻 4. Lactose:
1.Glucose: NEEDLE shape 2.Galactose: RHOMBIC like osazone 3. Maltose: SUNFLOWER shape 4. Lactose: POWDER PUFF shape

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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