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M2: Biochemistry > Carbohydrate > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Flashcards

1
Q

Made up of monomers (several units)

A

Polymers of life

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2
Q

Only biomolecule that is NOT a biopolymer

A

Lipids

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3
Q

MONOMER UNITS
▪️Carbohydrates (CH2O)
▪️Protein (CHON)
▪️Nucleic Acids

A

▪️Monosacharrides
▪️Amino Acids
▪️Nucleotides

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4
Q

BONDS
▪️Carbohydrates (CH2O)
▪️Protein (CHON)
▪️Nucleic Acids

A

▪️Glycosidic
▪️Peptide
▪️Phosphodiester

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5
Q

What are the Biopolymer

A
  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Protein
  3. Nucleic Acids
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6
Q

Major form of Stored CH2O in Animals

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

Major Storage form of foods (glucose) in plants

A

Starch

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8
Q

Polyhydroxy compound with aldehyde or ketone

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Most abundant group or organic molecules in nature

A

Carbohydrate

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10
Q

▪️Crystalline
▪️Sweet

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide

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11
Q

▪️Amorphous/Fibrous
▪️Tasteless

A

Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide

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12
Q

▪️Monosaccharide
▪️Sweetest sugar

A

Fructose

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13
Q

▪️Disaccharide
▪️Standard sweetness

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

▪️Disaccharide
▪️Milk sugar
▪️Least sweet

A

Lactose

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15
Q

Reducing sugars

A

All Monosaccharides with Maltose and Lactose (Disaccharides)

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16
Q

▪️Only ONE sugar unit
▪️Simplest and most basic unit

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

Carbonyl at Position 1

A

Aldose

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18
Q

Carbonyl at Position 2

A

Ketose

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19
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 2
▪️Hydroxyacetone (simplest mono)

A

Diose

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20
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 3
▪️ Glycerose, Glyceraldehyde (simplest aldose), Dihydroxyacetone

A

Triose

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21
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 4
▪️Erythrose, Erythulose

A

Tetrose

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22
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 5
▪️ Ribose, Xylulose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose

A

Pentose

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23
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 6
▪️ Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose
Most important monosaccharides

A

Hexose

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24
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 7
▪️Sedoheptulose

A

Heptose

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25
Q

▪️# of Carbons: 9
▪️Sialic Acid/Neuraminic Acid

A

Nonose

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26
Q

Most important sugar

A

Hexose

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27
Q

C2 epimer of Glu

A

Mannose

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28
Q

C4 epimer of Glu

A

Galactose

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29
Q

Functional isomer of Glu

A

Fructose

30
Q

▪️Aldopentose
▪️ Sugar for Genetic Information
▪️Most common 5 carbon sugar

A

D-Ribose (under Pentoses)

31
Q

Building block of several anticancer drugs

A

Arabinose

32
Q

▪️Aka: Wood Sugar
▪️Diagnostic aid for instestinal malabsorption

A

Xylose

33
Q

▪️ALDOHEXOSE
▪️Reducing Sugar as determined by Benedict’s Test
▪️Occur as: linear & cyclic (boat/chair)

A

Glucose

34
Q

Other names: Blood Sugar, Physiologic Sugar, Grape Sugar, Corn Sugar, Dextrose,
D-glucopyranose

A

Glucose

35
Q

▪️ALDOHEXOSE
▪️C4 epimer of glucose
▪️Galactosemia

A

Galactose

36
Q

Cause cataract formation
Accumulation of galactose levels in the blood

A

Galactosemia

37
Q

▪️Ketohexose (Ketone group at C2)
▪️Sweetest Sugar
▪️Glu + Fru
▪️ Fruit sugar from sweet fruits & honey

A

Fructose

38
Q

Aka: Levulose, Fruit Sugar

A

Fructose

39
Q

Aka: Table Sugar
▪️(Glu+Fru)

A

Sucrose

40
Q

▪️From Fungi (Ergot & Yeast)
▪️Non-reducing sugar
▪️(Glu+Glu)

A

Trehalose

41
Q

Aka: Malt Sugar, Beer Sugar
▪️Reducing Sugar
▪️(Glu+Glu)

A

Maltose

42
Q

▪️Product of cellulose breakdown
▪️(Glu+Glu)

A

Cellobiose

43
Q

Aka: Milk Sugar
▪️ Lactose Intolerance
▪️Reducing Sugar
▪️(Gal+Glu)

A

Lactose

44
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDE

Sugar Units: Gal+Glu+Fru

A

Raffinose

45
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDE

Sugar Units: Glu+Glu+Glu

A

Maltotriose

46
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDE

Sugar Units: Glu+Fru+Gal

A

Sucralose

47
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDE

Sugar Units: Glu+Glu+Fru

A

Gentianose

48
Q

▪️ They have many carbohydrate units (up to 1,000,000)
▪️They have limited solubility in water
▪️FUNCTIONS: Storage forms of energy & Structural materials

A

Polysaccharides

49
Q

2 Types of Polysaccharides

A
  1. Homoglycan
  2. Heteroglycan
50
Q

Contain the SAME type of monosaccharide subunit

1 type sugar unit

▪️ Starch
▪️ Glycogen
▪️ Dextran
▪️ Cellulose
▪️ Inulin

A

Homoglycan

51
Q

Contain DIFFERENT type of monosaccharide units

Yields more than 1 type of monosaccharide unit

▪️Gums
▪️Mucilage
▪️Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharide

A

Heteroglycan

52
Q

▪️Linear
▪️Composed of 250 to 300 D-glucopyranose units
▪️a-1,4 glycosidic bonds
▪️Deep Blue
▪️Ratio of Starch: 25%
▪️Insoluble in H2O

A

Amylose

53
Q

▪️Branching (every 25 units)
▪️Consists of 1000 or more glucose units
▪️a-1,4 linkages, a-1,6 (branch)
▪️Blue-Violet or Purple
▪️Ratio of Starch: 75%
▪️Soluble in H2O

A

Amylopectin

54
Q

▪️Diagnostic agent for kidney function
▪️B-2,1

A

Inulin

55
Q

▪️Glucosan; not a starch
▪️Linked by a-1,6 bond
▪️Used as an antithrombotic, to reduce blood viscosity, and volume expander in hypovolemia

A

Dextrin

56
Q

▪️Heteroglycan
▪️Soluble polysaccharide in fruits

A

Pectin and Gums

57
Q

▪️ Containing 1 or more amino SUGARS and URONIC derivatives
▪️ Linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units

A

Glycosaminoglycan

58
Q

All GAGs (Glycosaminoglycan) are SULFATE, except

A

Hyaluronic acid

59
Q

All GAGs contain URONIC ACIDS, except ________ that has Galactose

A

Keratan SO4

60
Q

▪️Location: Vitreous humor, synovial fluid, umbilical cord, bacteria
▪️SPREADING FACTOR
▪️Only unsulfated GAGs
▪️A mucopolysaccharides that serve as an integral part of the gel-like ground substance of connective tissue

A

Hyaluronic acid

61
Q

Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans (5)

A
  1. Keratan SO4
  2. Chondroitin SO4
  3. Dermatan SO4
  4. Heparin
  5. Heparan SO4
62
Q

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan

▪️Cartilage, tendon and ligaments

A

Chondroitin sulfate

63
Q

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan

▪️Skin

A

Dermatan Sulfate

64
Q

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan

▪️Cornea, nails

A

Keratan sulfate

65
Q

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan

▪️Basement membrane of cells

A

Heparan sulfate

66
Q

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES under Glycosaminoglycan

▪️Mast cells, livers, lung, skin

A

Heparin

67
Q

▪️ Homopolymer of n-acetyl-beta d-glucosamine
▪️Polymer of glucosamine found in insects
▪️ Homoglycan of n-acetyl glucosamine
▪️ Major structural constituent of exoskeleton of invertebrates

A

Chitin

68
Q

▪️Branch polysaccharide of D-glucose used as storage in yeast and bacteria
▪️a-1,6

A

Dextran

69
Q

D-mannose and D-galactose are

A

Isomers

70
Q

D-galactose and D-glucose

A

Epimers

71
Q

Osazone formation
1. Glucose: 💉
2 Galactose: ♦️
3. Maltose: 🌻
4. Lactose:

A

1.Glucose: NEEDLE shape
2.Galactose: RHOMBIC like osazone
3. Maltose: SUNFLOWER shape
4. Lactose: POWDER PUFF shape

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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