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B 1,2 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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2
Q

What are the polymers that are combined to make proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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3
Q

How are dipeptides formed?

A

When two amino acids join together.

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4
Q

When are polypeptides formed?

A

When more than two amino acids join together.

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5
Q

What is the general structure of amino acids?

A
  • Amino Group ( -NH2 )
  • Carboxyl Group ( - COOH )
  • Hydrogen Group ( - H )
  • R Group, this is the variable side group, it can be one of 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
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6
Q

What reaction joins together amino acids?

A

Condensation reactions.

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7
Q

What bond is formed between amino acids?

A

Peptide Bonds

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8
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A
  • Amino acids are linked together by condensation reactions to form polypeptides.
  • A molecule of water is released during the reaction.
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9
Q

How is the water molecule formed in the formation of polypeptides?

A

• -OH from the carboxyl Group of the first amino acid.
• -H from the amino group of the second amino acid.
These combine to form water.

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10
Q

Where does the peptide bond link two amino acids?

A

Between:
• Carbon of the first amino acid.
• Nitrogen of the second amino acid.

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11
Q

What reaction breaks down polypeptides?

A

Hydrolysis.

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12
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Polymerisation is the process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains, in the case of protein, a polypeptide.

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13
Q

What are the four structures of a protein?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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14
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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15
Q

What is the primary structure determined by?

A

DNA

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16
Q

What does the primary structure determine?

A

Determines the shape of the protein, and therefore also determines its function.

17
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A
  • Hydrogen Bonds form in the polypeptide.
  • Formation of bonds causes the long polypeptide chain to be twisted into a 3-D shape structure, which can be either: Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet.
18
Q

What are the two structure that the secondary structure can twist into?

A
  • Alpha Helix

* Beta Pleated Sheet

19
Q

What bonds form between the amino acids in the polypeptide chain ( Secondary Structure )?

A

• Hydrogen bonds

20
Q

How do the hydorgen bonds form?

A
  • -NH and -C=O Groups on either side of every peptide bond.

* Due to the charges of the groups, they will form ionic bonds.

21
Q

What is the charge of the -NH group?

A

H of -NH group has an overall positive charge

22
Q

What is the charge of the -C=O group?

A

O of the group has an overall negative charge.

23
Q

What occurs in the tertiary structure?

A

Alpha helix of the secondary structure. is twisted and folded even further to provide a more complex 3-D structure.

24
Q

What are the bonds in the tertiary structure?

A
  • Disulfide Bridges ( Very strong, not easily broken )
  • Ionic Bonds ( Weaker than bridges, but broken by changes in pH )
  • Hydrogen Bonds ( Weak but numerous )
25
Q

( Tertiary Structure ) How do disulfide bridges form?

A

• When two molecules of the cysteine group come close, the sulfur atom i one cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in the other.

26
Q

( Tertiary Structure ) How do Ionic bonds form?

A

Formed between carboxyl and amino groups, that are not involved in forming peptide bonds.

27
Q

What is the Quaternary Structure?

A

This structure is the way the polypeptide chains are assembled together, this applies to polypeptide chains with multiple polypeptides

28
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret Test:
• Place a sample of the solution into a test tube, and add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature.
• Add a few drops of dilute copper ( II ) sulphate solution and mix.
• A purple colour indicates the presence of peptide bonds, and therefore indicates the presence of a protein.
• If it remains blue, there is no protein present.

29
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Transport Proteins
  • Structural Proteins.
30
Q

What are structural proteins?

A
  • They are physically strong.

* Consist of long polypeptide chains parallel to each other.

31
Q

What is an example of transport proteins?

A
  • Channel proteins in cell membranes.
  • They contain hydrophobic and hydrophillic amino acids, which cause the protein to fold up and form a channel.
  • These proteins transport molecules and ions across membranes.
32
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • Proteins involved in the immune response.

* Consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains bonded together.

B 1,2 (26 decks)

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