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B 1,2 > Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic organisms and prokaryotic organisms?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells are larger and have a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have no nucleus or nuclear envelope.
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2
Q

What are some features of the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Has no membrane bound organelles

* It has ribosomes that are smaller than those in eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

Long hair like structure that rotates allowing the prokaryotic cell to move.

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4
Q

What are some features of the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • It doesn’t have a nucleus.
  • DNA floats free in the cytoplasm present as a long coiled up strand.
  • Not attached to any histone proteins.
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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

• Plasmids are small loops of DNA that aren’t a part of the main DNA molecule.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of plasmids?

A

• Plasmids contain genes for things like anti-biotic resistance, and this can be passed between prokaryotes.

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7
Q

What are bacterial cells walls made up of?

A

Murein.

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8
Q

What is murein?

A

A polymer of polysaccharides and peptides; murein is glycoprotein.

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9
Q

How do bacterial cells protect themselves?

A
  • Having a cell wall.

* Secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around the wall.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

The cell wall supports the cell and prevents it from changing shape, it is made up of a polymer called murein.

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11
Q

How does the nucleus differ from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
• No true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
Eukaryotic Cells:
• Distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.

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12
Q

How does the DNA differ in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
• DNA is not associated with proteins.
• DNA may be in the form circular strands called plasmids.
Eukaryotic Cells:
• DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
• There are no plasmids and DNA is linear.

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13
Q

How do chloroplasts differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic Cells:
• Chloroplasts present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic Cells:
• No Chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll associated with cell surface membrane in some bacteria.

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14
Q

How do ribosomes differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
• Ribosomes are smaller
Eukaryotic Cells:
• Ribosomes are larger

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15
Q

How do the cell walls differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells:
• Cell wall made of murein
Prokaryotic Cells:
• Cell wall is mostly made of cellulose ( chitin in fungi ).

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16
Q

How does the capsule differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
• Have an outer mucilaginous layer called a capsule.
Eukaryotic Cells:
• No Capsules

17
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are acellular non living particles.

18
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A
  • A core of genetic material ( DNA or RNA ).
  • A protein coat around the core called the capsid.
  • Attachment proteins that stick out from the edge of the capsid.
19
Q

What is the capsid?

A

The Capsid is the protein coat which surrounds the nucleic acid.

20
Q

What is the purpose of the attachment proteins?

A

Allows the virus to identify and attach onto a host cell.

21
Q

Are viruses living?

A

No.

22
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

Binary fission:
• Circular DNA and plasmids replicate. The main DNA loop is only replicated once, but the plasmids can be replicated many times.
• Cell gets bigger and the DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell.
• The cytoplasm begins to divide ( and a new cell wall begins to form ).
• Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced, each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of copies of plasmids.

23
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • Viruses use their attachment proteins to bind to complementary receptor proteins on the surface of host cells.
  • Different viruses have different attachment proteins and therefore require different receptor proteins on host cells. As viruses can only infect one type of cell.
  • Viruses inject their DNA, or RNA into the host cells, the hijacked cell uses its own organelles to replicate the viral particles.

B 1,2 (26 decks)

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