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B 1,2 > Mitosis & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis & Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A
  • Mitosis

* Meiosis

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.

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3
Q

What is a key feature of the cells that result from itosis?

A

Both cells have the exact same genetic makeup as the parent cell.

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4
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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5
Q

What is Interphase?

A
  • The cell carries out normal functions and prepares to divide.
  • The Cell’s DNA is unraveled and replicated to double its genetic content.
  • Organelles are also replicated so it has spare ones for the new cells.
  • ATP content is increased.
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6
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • The chromosomes first become visible, and shorten and thicken.
  • Centrioles comes to the opposite ends of the cell.
  • From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span the cell from pole to pole, these are known as the spindle apparatus.
  • Nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down, leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • The chromosomes are drawn towards towards the equator of the cell by the spindle fibres attached to the centromere.
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7
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A
  • The chromosomes are visible as chromatids.
  • Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.
  • Chromatids are joined by the centromere.
  • to the centromere, microtubules from the poles are attached.
  • Chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus and arrange themselves along the equator of the cell.
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8
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A
  • The centromeres divide into two.
  • Spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
  • Chromatids move rapidly to the opposite poles of the cell.
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9
Q

What provides the energy for anaphase?

A

Mito chondria, which gather around the spindle fibres.

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10
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach the opposite poles on the spindle, they uncoil and become long and thin again, and are now chromosomes again.
  • Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes, so now their are two nuclei.
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11
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A
  • Cytoplasm divides.

* Now two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell and to each other.

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12
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase ( Makes up most of the cell cycle, no cell division takes place )
  • Nuclear Division
  • Division of the cytoplasm ( Cytokineses ).
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13
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Regular cycle of division separated by periods of cell growth.

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14
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Gap Phase 1
  • Synthesis
  • Mitosis
  • Gap Phase 2
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15
Q

What stages are interphase?

A
  • Gap Phase 1 & 2

* Synthesis

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16
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by ( and therefore mitosis too ) ?

A

Genes

17
Q

How is a cancer formed?

A
  • When cells have divided enough times, they stop dividing.
  • A mutation can occur in a gene that controls cell division, resulting in cells growing out of control.
  • Cells will keep on dividing to make more and more cells, creating a mass of cells, a tumour.
  • A cancer is a tumour that invades surrounding tissue
18
Q

What is a cancer?

A

A tumour that invades surrounding tissue

19
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A
  • Malignant

* Benign

20
Q

Why are more cancer cells affected than normal cells with cancer treatments?

A

Tumour cells divide much more frequently than normal cells, therefore the treatments that affect the cell cycle are more likely to kill tumour cells.

21
Q

How do drugs used to treat cancer disrupt the cell cycle?

A
  • Preventing DNA from replicating.

* Inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.

22
Q

What are some downsides to using cancer treatments that affect cell cycles?

A

They also affect normal dividing cells, and some cells divide very frequently, like hair cells, which can lead to non cancerous cells also being frequently targeted.

23
Q

How do cancer treatments affect the G1 Phase?

A

Chemotherapy:
• Chemical drugs prevent the synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication.
• If these are not produced, the cell then is unable to enter the synthesis phase, disrupting the cell cycle.
• If the cell cycle is disrupted, the cell is forced to kill itself.

24
Q

How do cancer treatments affec tthe S phase?

A
  • Radiation and some drugs can damage DNA.
  • At several points int he cell cycle, the DNA in the cell is checked for damage.
  • If severe damage is detected, the cell will kill itself, preventing further tumour growth.

B 1,2 (26 decks)

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