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B 1,2 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

When are polysaccharides formed?

A

A polysaccharide is formed when two or more monosaccharides are joined together.

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2
Q

What reaction forms polysaccharides?

A

Condensation Reactions.

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3
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules that consist of many monomers joined together.

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4
Q

What are monomers?

A

Monomers are small basic molecular units.

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5
Q

What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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6
Q

What are the monomers of polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A condensation reaction is when two molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond, a water molecule is released.

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8
Q

What bond forms between monosaccharides when a condensation reaction occurs?

A

A glycosidic bonds forms between two monosaccharides after a condensation reaction.

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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10
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains.

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11
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between:
• Glucose Molecule
• Fructose Molecule

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12
Q

What is lactose?

A

Lactose is a disaccharide, formed from:
• Glucose
• Galactose

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13
Q

What is maltose?

A

Maltose is a disaccharide, formed from:

• Two Glucose Molecules

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14
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Atoms share a pair of electrons in outer shell, and the outer shell of both atoms is filled and more stable.

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15
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A
  • Ions with opposite charges attract one another.

* The electrostatic attraction is known as an ionic bond, and keeps ions together.

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16
Q

What reaction breaks down polymers?

A

Hydrolysis reaction.

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17
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction do?

A

A hydrolysis reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule.

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18
Q

What is the metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that take place in living organisms.

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19
Q

What is sugar?

A

Sugar is a term used for monosaccharides and disaccharides.

20
Q

What are the two types of sugars?

A
  • Non Reducing

* Reducing

21
Q

What is the test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s Test

22
Q

What is Benedict’s test for reducing sugars?

A
  • Add Benedict’s reagent to a sample, heat it in a water bath that has been brought to the boil.
  • If the sample contains reducing sugars, it will form a coloured precipitate.
23
Q

What are the colours of the precipitate formed?

A
  • Blue
  • Green
  • Yellow
  • Orange
  • Brick Red
24
Q

What is the test for non reducing sugars?

A
  • Break the sample down into its monosaccharides
  • Get a sample of the test solution, add dilute hydrochloric acid.
  • Heat it in a water bath that has been brought to the boil.
  • Neutralise it with sodium hydrogen-carbonate.
  • Carry out the Benedict’s test as normal.
  • If the test is positive, it will form a coloured precipitate .
  • If negative, it remains blue, indicating that there is no sugar present at all in the sample.
25
Q

Where do plant cells get energy from?

A
  • Glucose.

* Plants store excess glucose as starch.

26
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine Test.

27
Q

What is the iodine test?

A
  • Place 2cm3 of the sample into a test tube.
  • Add two drops of iodine solution and shake or stir.
  • Presence of starch creates a blue-black coloration, if not the solution remains a brown/orange colour.
28
Q

What is starch

A

Starch is a polysaccharide that is found in plants in the form of small grains.

29
Q

Why is starch useful?

A

It is an important component of food, and is a major energy source.

30
Q

What is the main purpose of starch?

A

Energy storage.

31
Q

How does starch’s structure allow it to be useful as energy storage?

A
  • Insoluble, and therefore doesn’t affect water potential, so water is not drawn into the cell via osmosis.
  • Large and insoluble, so it will not diffuse out of the cell.
  • Compact, so it can be stored in a small space.
  • When Hydrolysed, forms alpha glucose, which is easily transported and readily used in respiration.
  • Branched form has many ends, each which can be acted on by enzymes, meaning that glucose molecules are released very quickly.
32
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Starch is made up of two polysaccharides of alpha glucose:
• Amylose
• Amylopectin

33
Q

What is amylose?

A
  • A long un-branched chain of alpha glucose.

* Angles of glycosidic bonds provide a coiled structure/

34
Q

How is amylose adapted to its function?

A

Angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure, allowing it to be compact, meaning you can fit more in a small space.

35
Q

What is amylopectin?

A
  • A long branched chain of alpha glucose.

* Many side branches.

36
Q

How is amylopectin adapted to its function.

A
  • Side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easily.
  • Glucose can therefore be released very quickly.
37
Q

How do animal cells store excess glucose?

A

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen.

38
Q

How is glycogen stored?

A

• Stored as small granules in the muscles and liver.

39
Q

How is glycogen adapted to its function?

A
  • It is insoluble, does not draw water into the cell via osmosis, nor will it diffuse out of cells.
  • Compact, so a-lot can be stored in a small space.
  • Highly branched, can be rapidly broken down to form glucose monomers, which are used for energy, provides quick energy release.
40
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Cellulose is made of long un-branched chains or beta-glucose.

41
Q

What is a difference in structure from cellulose to starch and glycogen?

A

• Forms straight un-branched chains, that run parallel to one another allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds.

42
Q

What bonds link together cellulose chains?

A

Hydrogen Bonds.

43
Q

How does cellulose provide strong structural support for cells?

A

• Cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called micro-fibrils, strong fibres mean cellulose provides structural support for cells.

44
Q

How is cellulose suited to its function of providing support?

A
  • Cellulose molecules are made up of beta glucose, thus form long straight un-branched chains.
  • Cellulose molecular chains run parallel to each other, and are cross linked by hydrogen bonds which add collective strength.
  • Molecules are grouped to form microfibrils, which form fibres, which provide more strength.
45
Q

How are microfibrils formed?

A

Cellulose chains being linked together by hydrogen bonds.

B 1,2 (26 decks)

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