Protein Synthesis/Genetic Mutations Flashcards
What are the other names for RNA synthesis and protein synthesis?
RNA synthesis- Transcription
protein synthesis- Translation
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA: double stranded sugar- deoxyribose thymine RNA: single stranded sugar- ribose uracil
What is messenger RNA?
Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is transfer RNA?
Carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
What is ribosomal RNA?
Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome
What are the stages of Transcription?
Initiation: The enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to DNA in an area called the promotor region
Elongation: RNA polymerase travels down the DNA strand and reads the bases. A single RNA strand is made
Termination: RNA polymerase reaches the termination region. This is the end of the section of DNA to be copied. The enzyme and the RNA which is now called the primary RNA transcript are released.
What is the combination of 3 bases called?
Codon or triplet
What are introns and exons?
Sections of the primary RNA strand are removed and the parts removed are called introns and the parts left in are called exons.
What happens in translation?
mRNA codons are translated into amino acids. The protein chain is assembled at the ribosome, and the ribosome holds all the pieces in place while a bond forms between amino acids.
What is a mutation?
A sudden change in the DNA sequence.
What is the difference between gene and chromosomal mutations?
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene while chromosomal mutations result from changes in the whole chromosome.
What is substitution?
Substitute one base for another. Changes only one amino acid in a protein.
What is a frameshift mutation?What are 2 examples?
Occurs when the entire protein is affected because of an insertion or deletion. A base is inserted or removed and every amino acid after is changed.
What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?
Deletion: the loss of all or part of a chromosome
Duplication: chromosome s repeated
Inversion: Piece of a chromosome breaks off and is put back in reverse
Translocation: Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another non homologous chromosome
