1st MP Quarterly Exam Review Flashcards
What are the steps of the scientific method?
observation hypothesis experiment analysis conclusion
What is the independent variable?
the variable that is deliberately changed (what the scientist changes)
What is the dependent variable?
the variable that changes in response to the independent (what the scientist is measuring)
What are the 8 characteristics of living things?
evolve homeostasis cells genetic code need energy respond to environment reproduce
atom
the basic unit of matter
the mass of an atom comes from
protons and neutrons
the volume of an atom comes from the
electrons
ionic bonds
compound where one element loses electrons and one element gains electrons (transferring)
covalent bonds
combining of elements to form a molecule by sharing electrons between atoms
van der waals forces
a type of intermolecular force of attraction between molecules
polarity
the uneven distribution of electrons in a compound
pH scale
concentration of hydrogen present in a solution
acids
pH range below 7
any substance which releases hydrogen ions in water
bases
pH range above 7
any substance which releases hydroxide ions in water
buffers
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to keep a neutral pH
what is the structure of a water molecule?
two positive hydrogens and one negative oxygen
macromolecule
giant molecule
the process of large molecules built by combining smaller molecules
polymerization
carbohydrates
main source of energy for many living organisms
ex: glucose
monomer form monosaccharide
polymer form polysaccharide
lipids
can be used to store energy for future needs important for the cell membranes important for cushioning organs ex: fats oils and waxes monomer form is fatty acids polymer form is fatty acid chain
nucleic acids
to store and transmit genetic information
ex: dna rna atp
monomer form is nucleotide
polymer form is nucleic acids
what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide
phosphate backbone
sugar
nitrogen base
proteins
controls the rate of reactions form bones and muscles form the immune system transports substances in or out of cells ex: enzymes monomer form is amino acids polymer form is polypeptides
enzymes
speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy
what can effect enzymes?
temp
pH
coenzymes
amount of concentration
steroid
lipids that act as chemical messengers
species
a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
population
a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
community
an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area
ecosystem
all the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment
biome
a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
biosphere
all of our organisms and physical environment
biotic factor
living parts of the environment
abiotic factors
the nonliving parts of the environment
scavengers
feed of dead bodies of dead organisms and waste
detritivores
feed on detritus particles often chewing or grinding them into even smaller pieces
biomass
amount of living tissue
evaporation
the process of turning liquid into vapor
condensation
water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it
transpiration
the process by which moisture is carries through plans from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves where it releases into the atmosphere as vapor
precipitation
rain snow sleet or hail that falls to the ground
niche
an organisms role in the environment
the competitive exclusion principle
no two species can have the exact same niche at the exact same time in the same place
keystone species
when changes in one population of a species can cause dramatic changes in the structure of a community
mutualism
both organisms benefit
parasitism
one organism benefits and the host is harmed
commensalism
one organism benefits and one is un affected
what 4 things effect population sizs?
birth rate
death rate
immigration
emigration
how do you calculate growth rate?
birth rate - death rate + immigration - emigration
exponential growth (what shape is on the graph?)
when members of a population reproduce at a constant rate (J shape on the graph)
logistic growth (what shape is it on the graph?)
when limited resources slow or stop in population growth (S shape on the graph)
carrying capacity
the # of individuals of a specific species that an environment can support
what is the history of human population growth?
500 years ago it began to grow faster due to agriculture and improved medicine
demography
the study of human populations
what is an example of primary and secondary succession?
primary: volanic eruption or glaciers melting
secondary: a wildfire or hurricane
