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Clinical Chemistry > PROTEIN > Flashcards

PROTEIN Flashcards

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1
Q

Synthesized in the liver and secreted by the hepatocyte into the circulation

A

Proteins

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2
Q

The linear sequence of the amino acid
Determines the identity of protein, molecular structure, function binding capacity and recognition ability

A

Primary Structure

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3
Q

Refers to specific confirmations:
alpha helix
beta pleated sheets
bend form

A

Secondary structure

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4
Q

Actual 3-dimensional configuration
Folding pattern of the protein
Resposible for many of the physical and chemical properties of the proteins
Maintained by electrovalent linkages, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, Van der waals forces and hydrophobic interactions

A

Tertiary Structures

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5
Q

Association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein molecule

A

Quaternary structure

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6
Q

What protein has no quaternary structure
Consists of only a single polypeptide chain

A

Albumin

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7
Q

Contain peptide chains which on hydrolysis yield only amino acids
May be Fibrous or Globular in shape

A

Simple proteins

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8
Q

Examples of Fibrous in shape

A

Fibrinogen
Troponin
Collagen

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9
Q

Example of Globular in shape

A

Hemoglobin
Plasma proteins
Enzymes
Peptide hormones

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10
Q

Composed of a protein and a non protein moiety (prosthetic group)

A

Conjugated proteins

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11
Q
  1. Ferritin
  2. Ceruloplasmin
  3. Hemoglobin
  4. Flavoproteins
A

Metalloproteins

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12
Q

VLDL
HDL
LDL
Chylomicrons

A

Lipoproteins

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13
Q

Haptoglobin
A1-Antitrypsin

A

Glycoprotein

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14
Q

Mucin

Higher CHO content than CHON

A

Mucoproteins

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

Nucleoproteins

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16
Q

Balance between anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism

A

Nitrogne balance

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17
Q

When protein catabolism exceeds anabolism
Excessive tissue destruction such as burns, wasting disease, high fever and starvation

A

Negative Nitrogen Balance

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18
Q

When anabolism is greater than catabolism
Ex: pregnancy, growth and repair processes

A

Positive Nitrogen balance

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19
Q

Migrates ahead of albumin
Rich in tryptophan and contains 0.5% carbohydrate

A

Prealbumin

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20
Q

Prealbumin is a transport protein for:

A

T4
Retinol (Vitamin A)

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21
Q

Prealbumin is used as a landmark to confirm that the specimen is really what

A

CSF

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22
Q

Other name of Prealbumin

A

Transthyretin

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23
Q

Reference Value of Prealbumin

A

18-45 mg/dL

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24
Q

Prtein present in highest concentration in plasma

A

Albumin

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25
Q

General transport protein
Maintains osmotic pressure
Indicator of nutritional status

A

Albumin

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26
Q

Albumin is a sensitive and highly prognostic marker in cases of what?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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27
Q

Lowest plasma albumin levels are seen in?

A

Active Nephrotic Syndrome

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28
Q

Albumin is a ____ Acute Phase Reactant

A

NEGATIVE
Decreases in acute inflammatory processes

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29
Q

Reference Value of Albumin

A

3.5-5.0 mg/dL

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30
Q

An APR; Glycoprotein
Neutralizes trypsin-like enzymes
Released from WBCs to combat infection but can also destroy Alveoli and lead to emphysema
Comprises 90% of A1-globulin band

A

A1-Antitrypsin (AAT)

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31
Q

Synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the fetal parenchymal cells of the liver

A

A1-Fetoprotein
AFP

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32
Q

AFP is the most abundant protein in ___

A

Fetal Serum

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33
Q

AFP peaks int he fetus at ___ weeks of gestation

A

13

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34
Q

AFP is increased in the presence of ___

A

TWINS

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35
Q

Used as a screening test for any fetal conditions such as:
Neural tube defects
Down Syndrome

A

Maternal serum AFP

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36
Q

Decreased AFP is seen in:

A

Down Syndrome
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

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37
Q

Has the greatest affinity for progesterone and binds quinidine
Useful diagnsotic tool in neonates with bacterial infections

A

A1-Acid Glycoprotein
Orosomucoid

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38
Q

Serine Proteinase with cathepsin G
APR
Binds and inactivates Prostate-Specific Antigen

A

A1-Antichymotrypsin

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39
Q

A1-Antichymotrypsin is associated with the pathogenesis of what disease

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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40
Q

Binds heme released by degradation of hemoglobin
Has the strongest affinity for heme
Helps in diagnosis of early hemolysis

Beta-globulin

A

Hemopexin

41
Q

Exhibits affinity with Vitamin D and Actin

Migrates in A-1 and A-2 interzone

A

Group-specific component (Gc) globulin

42
Q

Synthesized in hepatocytes
Binds free hemoglobin by its alpha chain
Prevents loss of hemoglobin and its constituent iron into the urine

A

Haptoglobin

43
Q

Evaluates degree of intravascular hemolysis and one of the proteins used to evaluate rheumatic disease

A

Haptoglobin

44
Q

Copper-binding a2 glycoprotein
Synthesized in the liver, 6-8 Cu are attached
imparts a blue color to protein

A2 protein

A

Ceruloplasmin

45
Q

Ceruloplasmin is a marker for what disease

A

Wilson’s Disease

46
Q

Clinical Features of Wilson’s disease

A
  1. Deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornes
  2. (Kayser-Fleisher Rings)

DECREASED levels of Ceruloplasmin

47
Q

Clinical Features of Wilson’s disease

A
  1. Deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornes
  2. (Kayser-Fleisher Rings)

DECREASED levels of Ceruloplasmin

48
Q

Largest Major Nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma
Found in intravascular spaces and does not diffuse from plasma space
Inhibits proteases such as trypsin, pepsin and plasmin

A

A2-Macroglobulin

49
Q

Increases ___x in Nephrosis
forms as complex with PSA

A

10 times

AMG

50
Q

Light chain component of the major HLA
Found on the surface of most nucleated cells
Needed in the production of CD8 cells

A

B2- Microglobulin

51
Q

Major component of the B2-globulin fraction
Also a Negative APR
Transports iron to its storage sites

A

Transferrin
Siderophilin

52
Q

Transferrin is used to determine:

A
  1. cause of anemia
  2. measure iron metabolism
  3. determine iron-carrying capacity of the blood
53
Q

Deficiency of Transferrin may result in the accumulation of iron in:

A

Apoferritin or in Histiocytes
or precipitate in tissues as Hemosiderin

54
Q

Synthesized in the plasma cells
Examples: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE

A

Immunoglobulins

55
Q

Binds with proteins and lipids forming LDL, HDL, VLDL and chylomicrons
Transports Cholesterol, TAG and Phospholipids

A

Lipoproteins

56
Q

One of the largest protein in the blood
Most abundant of the coagulation factor-forms a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin
May serve as marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease

A

Fibrinogen

57
Q

One of the natural defense mehcanisms that protects the human body from infection
Serves as a link to the inflammatory response

A

Complement

58
Q

What complement is the most abundant fomr in serum
Also important int he pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration

A

Complement C3

59
Q

Member of pentraxin protein family
Binds to the C-polysaccharide of the penumococcus
General scavenger molecule
Cardiac marker (early warning test to persons at risk of CAD)

Gamma-migrating protein

A

C-Reactive Protein

60
Q

Small heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
Transports and stores Oxygen from Hemoglobin to intracellular respiartory enzymes of contarctive cells

A

Myoglobin

61
Q

Which has a higher affinity for oxygen?
Hemoglobin or Myoglobin

A

Myoglobin

62
Q

AMI, Myoglobin levels:
Onset
Peak
Normalize

A
  1. 1-3 hours
  2. 5-12 hours
  3. 18-30 hours
63
Q

Complex of three proteins that bind to the thin filaments of cardiac muscles
Regulators of Actin and Myosin

A

Troponin

64
Q

Most important marker for cardiac injury

A

Troponin

65
Q

Valuable tool in diagnosis of AMI
Useful for assessment of Early and Late AMI
Sensitive marker for the diagnosis of unstable angina

A

Troponin T
Tropomyosin-binding subunit

66
Q

Troponin T levels in AMI
Rises
Peaks
Normalize

A
  1. 3-4 hours
  2. 10-24 hours
  3. 7 days

Remain elevated for 10-14 days

67
Q

Troponin T levels in AMI
Rises
Peaks
Normalize

A
  1. 3-4 hours
  2. 10-24 hours
  3. 7 days

Remain elevated for 10-14 days

68
Q

Only found in Myocardium
Greater cardiac specificity than TnT
Highly specific for AMI
13x more abundant in myocardium than CK-MB

A

Troponin I
Inhibitory subunit or
Actin-Binding unit

69
Q

In AMI, Troponin I levels:
Rise
Peak
Normalize

A
  1. 3-6 hours
  2. 12-18 hours
  3. 5-10 days
70
Q

Low Molecular weight protein and a cystein porteinase inhibitor
Freely filtered by glomerulus, completely reabsorbed and catabolized by PCT
Sensitive for determining GFR

A

Cystatin C

71
Q

Presence of Urine albumin is generally considered ___

A

Abnormal

72
Q

Most common and serious type of abnormal proteinuria
Often called Albuminuria

A

Glomerular Proteinuria

73
Q

Appearance of low molecular mass proteins in the urine due to defective reabsorption

A

Tubular Proteinuria

74
Q

Includes:
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria
Bence-Jones Proteinuria

A

Overload Proteinuria

75
Q

Refers to protein coming from the Urinary Tract caused by infection, bleeding or malignancy

A

Post-renal Proteinuria

76
Q

EArly indicator of Glomerular dysfunction and precedes nephropathy associated with Type 1 diabetes

A

Microalbuminuria

77
Q

Albumin excretion of ___creatinine

A

30 ug/mg to 300 ug/mg

78
Q

Positive Microalbuminuria

A

2/3 specimens submitted are with abnormal findings

79
Q

Reference Value of Creatitnine

A

0-29 ug/mg creatinine

80
Q

Clinical Albuminuria:

A

> 300 ug/mg creatinine

81
Q

CSF Protein increased in:

A

Bacterial, Viral and Fungal meningitis
Traumatic tap
Multiple Sclerosis
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Myxedema
Drug toxicity

82
Q

CSF Protein decreased in

A

Intracranial hypertension
Hyperthyroidism
CSF leakage due to trauma

83
Q

Reference Value

CSF Protein

A

15-45 mg/dL

84
Q

CSF Albumin Reference value

A

10-30 mg/dL

85
Q

Presence in CSF of 2 or more IgG bands in the gamma region
Seen in Multiple Sclerosis
Infication of Ab production within CNS

A

CSF Oligoclonal banding

86
Q

Other disorders with 2 or more bands in the CSF

A
  1. Encephalitis
  2. Neurosyphilis
  3. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
  4. Neoplastic Disorders
87
Q

Inborn error of metabolism characterized by the absence of homogentisate oxidase in tyrosine pathway

A

Alkaptonuria

88
Q

Clinical Feature of Alkaptonuria

A

Ochronosis
Tissue pigmentation

89
Q

Diagnostic Indicator of Alkaptonuria

A

Darkening of Urine upon standing at RT

90
Q

Characterized by impaired acitivty of Cystathionine B-synthetase
Elevated levels of Homocysteine and Methionine in blood and urine

A

Homocystinuria

91
Q

Screening test for Homocystinuria

A

Modified Guthrie Test
Antagonis: L-methionine sulfoximine

92
Q

Markedly reduced or Absence of a-ketoacid decarboxylase
Results in accumulation of branched-chain AA in blood, urine and CSF:
1. Leucine
2. Isoleucine
3. Valine

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

93
Q

Screening test for MSUD

A

Modified Guthrie Test
Antagonist: 4-azaleucine

94
Q

Deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydrolase or Phenylalanine-4-mono-oxygenase
Presence of Phenylpyruvic acid in both blood and urine

A

Phenylketonuria

95
Q

Diagnostic Indicators of PKU

A

greater than 1200 umol/L of Phenylalanine in blood
> Musty Odor of Urine

96
Q

Screening Test for PKU

A

Guthrie Vacterial Inhibition Assay:
Bacillus subtilis spores
Antagonist: B2-thienylalanine

97
Q

Positive Result for Guthrie Bacterial Inhibition Assay:

A

Bacterial growth if phenylalanine is > 4mg/dL

98
Q

Deficiency of either of these enzymes:
1. Tyrosine Aminotransferase
2. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid Oxidase
3. Fumarylacetoacetate FAA Hydrolase

A

Tyrosinemia
1. Tyrosinemia II
2. Tyrosinemia III
3. Tyrosinemia I

Clinical Chemistry (16 decks)

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