PROTEIN Flashcards
1
Q
Synthesized in the liver and secreted by the hepatocyte into the circulation
A
Proteins
2
Q
The linear sequence of the amino acid
Determines the identity of protein, molecular structure, function binding capacity and recognition ability
A
Primary Structure
3
Q
Refers to specific confirmations:
alpha helix
beta pleated sheets
bend form
A
Secondary structure
4
Q
Actual 3-dimensional configuration
Folding pattern of the protein
Resposible for many of the physical and chemical properties of the proteins
Maintained by electrovalent linkages, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, Van der waals forces and hydrophobic interactions
A
Tertiary Structures
5
Q
Association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein molecule
A
Quaternary structure
6
Q
What protein has no quaternary structure
Consists of only a single polypeptide chain
A
Albumin
7
Q
Contain peptide chains which on hydrolysis yield only amino acids
May be Fibrous or Globular in shape
A
Simple proteins
8
Q
Examples of Fibrous in shape
A
Fibrinogen
Troponin
Collagen
9
Q
Example of Globular in shape
A
Hemoglobin
Plasma proteins
Enzymes
Peptide hormones
10
Q
Composed of a protein and a non protein moiety (prosthetic group)
A
Conjugated proteins
11
Q
- Ferritin
- Ceruloplasmin
- Hemoglobin
- Flavoproteins
A
Metalloproteins
12
Q
VLDL
HDL
LDL
Chylomicrons
A
Lipoproteins
13
Q
Haptoglobin
A1-Antitrypsin
A
Glycoprotein
14
Q
Mucin
Higher CHO content than CHON
A
Mucoproteins
15
Q
Chromatin
A
Nucleoproteins
16
Q
Balance between anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism
A
Nitrogne balance
17
Q
When protein catabolism exceeds anabolism
Excessive tissue destruction such as burns, wasting disease, high fever and starvation
A
Negative Nitrogen Balance
18
Q
When anabolism is greater than catabolism
Ex: pregnancy, growth and repair processes
A
Positive Nitrogen balance
19
Q
Migrates ahead of albumin
Rich in tryptophan and contains 0.5% carbohydrate
A
Prealbumin
20
Q
Prealbumin is a transport protein for:
A
T4
Retinol (Vitamin A)
21
Q
Prealbumin is used as a landmark to confirm that the specimen is really what
A
CSF
22
Q
Other name of Prealbumin
A
Transthyretin
23
Q
Reference Value of Prealbumin
A
18-45 mg/dL
24
Q
Prtein present in highest concentration in plasma
A
Albumin
25
General transport protein
Maintains osmotic pressure
Indicator of nutritional status
Albumin
26
Albumin is a sensitive and highly prognostic marker in cases of what?
Cystic Fibrosis
27
Lowest plasma albumin levels are seen in?
Active Nephrotic Syndrome
28
Albumin is a ____ Acute Phase Reactant
NEGATIVE
Decreases in acute inflammatory processes
29
Reference Value of Albumin
3.5-5.0 mg/dL
30
An APR; Glycoprotein
Neutralizes trypsin-like enzymes
Released from WBCs to combat infection but can also destroy Alveoli and lead to emphysema
Comprises 90% of A1-globulin band
A1-Antitrypsin (AAT)
31
Synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the fetal parenchymal cells of the liver
A1-Fetoprotein
AFP
32
AFP is the most abundant protein in ___
Fetal Serum
33
AFP peaks int he fetus at ___ weeks of gestation
13
34
AFP is increased in the presence of ___
TWINS
35
Used as a screening test for any fetal conditions such as:
Neural tube defects
Down Syndrome
Maternal serum AFP
36
Decreased AFP is seen in:
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
37
Has the greatest affinity for progesterone and binds quinidine
Useful diagnsotic tool in neonates with bacterial infections
A1-Acid Glycoprotein
Orosomucoid
38
Serine Proteinase with cathepsin G
APR
Binds and inactivates Prostate-Specific Antigen
A1-Antichymotrypsin
39
A1-Antichymotrypsin is associated with the pathogenesis of what disease
Alzheimer's Disease
40
Binds heme released by degradation of hemoglobin
Has the strongest affinity for heme
Helps in diagnosis of early hemolysis
| Beta-globulin
Hemopexin
41
Exhibits affinity with Vitamin D and Actin
| Migrates in A-1 and A-2 interzone
Group-specific component (Gc) globulin
42
Synthesized in hepatocytes
Binds free hemoglobin by its alpha chain
Prevents loss of hemoglobin and its constituent iron into the urine
Haptoglobin
43
Evaluates degree of intravascular hemolysis and one of the proteins used to evaluate rheumatic disease
Haptoglobin
44
Copper-binding a2 glycoprotein
Synthesized in the liver, 6-8 Cu are attached
imparts a blue color to protein
| A2 protein
Ceruloplasmin
45
Ceruloplasmin is a marker for what disease
Wilson's Disease
46
Clinical Features of Wilson's disease
1. Deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornes
2. (Kayser-Fleisher Rings)
| DECREASED levels of Ceruloplasmin
47
Clinical Features of Wilson's disease
1. Deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornes
2. (Kayser-Fleisher Rings)
| DECREASED levels of Ceruloplasmin
48
Largest Major Nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma
Found in intravascular spaces and does not diffuse from plasma space
Inhibits proteases such as trypsin, pepsin and plasmin
A2-Macroglobulin
49
Increases ___x in Nephrosis
forms as complex with PSA
10 times
| AMG
50
Light chain component of the major HLA
Found on the surface of most nucleated cells
Needed in the production of CD8 cells
B2- Microglobulin
51
Major component of the B2-globulin fraction
Also a Negative APR
Transports iron to its storage sites
Transferrin
Siderophilin
52
Transferrin is used to determine:
1. cause of anemia
2. measure iron metabolism
3. determine iron-carrying capacity of the blood
53
Deficiency of Transferrin may result in the accumulation of iron in:
Apoferritin or in Histiocytes
or precipitate in tissues as Hemosiderin
54
Synthesized in the plasma cells
Examples: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE
Immunoglobulins
55
Binds with proteins and lipids forming LDL, HDL, VLDL and chylomicrons
Transports Cholesterol, TAG and Phospholipids
Lipoproteins
56
One of the largest protein in the blood
Most abundant of the coagulation factor-forms a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin
May serve as marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease
Fibrinogen
57
One of the natural defense mehcanisms that protects the human body from infection
Serves as a link to the inflammatory response
Complement
58
What complement is the most abundant fomr in serum
Also important int he pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
Complement C3
59
Member of pentraxin protein family
Binds to the C-polysaccharide of the penumococcus
General scavenger molecule
Cardiac marker (early warning test to persons at risk of CAD)
| Gamma-migrating protein
C-Reactive Protein
60
Small heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
Transports and stores Oxygen from Hemoglobin to intracellular respiartory enzymes of contarctive cells
Myoglobin
61
Which has a higher affinity for oxygen?
Hemoglobin or Myoglobin
Myoglobin
62
AMI, Myoglobin levels:
Onset
Peak
Normalize
1. 1-3 hours
2. 5-12 hours
3. 18-30 hours
63
Complex of three proteins that bind to the thin filaments of cardiac muscles
Regulators of Actin and Myosin
Troponin
64
Most important marker for cardiac injury
Troponin
65
Valuable tool in diagnosis of AMI
Useful for assessment of Early and Late AMI
Sensitive marker for the diagnosis of unstable angina
Troponin T
Tropomyosin-binding subunit
66
Troponin T levels in AMI
Rises
Peaks
Normalize
1. 3-4 hours
2. 10-24 hours
3. 7 days
| Remain elevated for 10-14 days
67
Troponin T levels in AMI
Rises
Peaks
Normalize
1. 3-4 hours
2. 10-24 hours
3. 7 days
| Remain elevated for 10-14 days
68
Only found in Myocardium
Greater cardiac specificity than TnT
Highly specific for AMI
13x more abundant in myocardium than CK-MB
Troponin I
Inhibitory subunit or
Actin-Binding unit
69
In AMI, Troponin I levels:
Rise
Peak
Normalize
1. 3-6 hours
2. 12-18 hours
3. 5-10 days
70
Low Molecular weight protein and a cystein porteinase inhibitor
Freely filtered by glomerulus, completely reabsorbed and catabolized by PCT
Sensitive for determining GFR
Cystatin C
71
Presence of Urine albumin is generally considered ___
Abnormal
72
Most common and serious type of abnormal proteinuria
Often called Albuminuria
Glomerular Proteinuria
73
Appearance of low molecular mass proteins in the urine due to defective reabsorption
Tubular Proteinuria
74
Includes:
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria
Bence-Jones Proteinuria
Overload Proteinuria
75
Refers to protein coming from the Urinary Tract caused by infection, bleeding or malignancy
Post-renal Proteinuria
76
EArly indicator of Glomerular dysfunction and precedes nephropathy associated with Type 1 diabetes
Microalbuminuria
77
Albumin excretion of ___creatinine
30 ug/mg to 300 ug/mg
78
Positive Microalbuminuria
2/3 specimens submitted are with abnormal findings
79
Reference Value of Creatitnine
0-29 ug/mg creatinine
80
Clinical Albuminuria:
> 300 ug/mg creatinine
81
CSF Protein increased in:
Bacterial, Viral and Fungal meningitis
Traumatic tap
Multiple Sclerosis
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Myxedema
Drug toxicity
82
CSF Protein decreased in
Intracranial hypertension
Hyperthyroidism
CSF leakage due to trauma
83
Reference Value
| CSF Protein
15-45 mg/dL
84
CSF Albumin Reference value
10-30 mg/dL
85
Presence in CSF of 2 or more IgG bands in the gamma region
Seen in Multiple Sclerosis
Infication of Ab production within CNS
CSF Oligoclonal banding
86
Other disorders with 2 or more bands in the CSF
1. Encephalitis
2. Neurosyphilis
3. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
4. Neoplastic Disorders
87
Inborn error of metabolism characterized by the absence of homogentisate oxidase in tyrosine pathway
Alkaptonuria
88
Clinical Feature of Alkaptonuria
Ochronosis
Tissue pigmentation
89
Diagnostic Indicator of Alkaptonuria
Darkening of Urine upon standing at RT
90
Characterized by impaired acitivty of Cystathionine B-synthetase
Elevated levels of Homocysteine and Methionine in blood and urine
Homocystinuria
91
Screening test for Homocystinuria
Modified Guthrie Test
Antagonis: L-methionine sulfoximine
92
Markedly reduced or Absence of a-ketoacid decarboxylase
Results in accumulation of branched-chain AA in blood, urine and CSF:
1. Leucine
2. Isoleucine
3. Valine
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
93
Screening test for MSUD
Modified Guthrie Test
Antagonist: 4-azaleucine
94
Deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydrolase or Phenylalanine-4-mono-oxygenase
Presence of Phenylpyruvic acid in both blood and urine
Phenylketonuria
95
Diagnostic Indicators of PKU
greater than 1200 umol/L of Phenylalanine in blood
> Musty Odor of Urine
96
Screening Test for PKU
Guthrie Vacterial Inhibition Assay:
Bacillus subtilis spores
Antagonist: B2-thienylalanine
97
Positive Result for Guthrie Bacterial Inhibition Assay:
Bacterial growth if phenylalanine is > 4mg/dL
98
Deficiency of either of these enzymes:
1. Tyrosine Aminotransferase
2. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid Oxidase
3. Fumarylacetoacetate FAA Hydrolase
Tyrosinemia
1. Tyrosinemia II
2. Tyrosinemia III
3. Tyrosinemia I
