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Clinical Chemistry > LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS > Flashcards

LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary source of fule, provide stability to cell membrane and allow for transmembrane transport

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lipids are insoluble in blood and water, but soluble in ___

A

organic solvents like chloroform and ether

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3
Q

Most abundant lipids derived from phosphatidic acid

A

Phospholipid (Conjugated Lipid)

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4
Q

Phospholipid is produced from the conjugation of

A

two fatty acids & phosphorylated glycerol

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5
Q

Reference Value of Phospholipid

A

150-380 mg/dL

Serum

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6
Q

Only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino alcohol called sphingosine

A

Sphingomyelin

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7
Q

Sphingomyelinase accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering from what disease

A

Niemann-Pick disease

Lipid storage disorder

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8
Q

Mature lung function correlates strongly with a Lecithin/Sphingomyelinase ratio of

A

less than or equal to 2

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9
Q

Unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings, has a single C-H side chain tail similar to fatty acid

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Where is Cholesterol synthesized

A

Liver

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11
Q

Reference value of Cholesterol

A

< 200 mg/dL

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12
Q

Borderline Cholesterol

A

200-239 mg/dL

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13
Q

High Cholesterol

A

> or = 240 mg/dL

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14
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor of five major classes of steroids

A
  1. Progestins
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Mineralocorticoids
  4. Androgens
  5. Estrogens
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15
Q

Cholesterol bound to fatty acid
Found in plasma and serum

A

Cholesterol Ester

70% of cholesterol

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16
Q

Cholesterol bound to fatty acid
Found in plasma and serum

A

Cholesterol Ester

70% of cholesterol

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17
Q

Cholesterol ester undergoes esterification by what enzyme

A

LCAT
Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase

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18
Q

LCAT promotes the transfer of fatty acid from lecithin & cholesterol and forms

A

Lysolecithin
Cholesterol Ester

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19
Q

Activator of LCAT:

A

Apo-1

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20
Q

A polar nonesterified alcohol
Found in Plasma, serum and RBCs

A

Free Cholesterol

30% of Cholesterol

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21
Q

A polar nonesterified alcohol
Found in Plasma, serum and RBCs

A

Free Cholesterol

30% of Cholesterol

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22
Q

Patient preparation for Cholesterol testing

A

Patient should be in their usual diet
Neither gaining nor losing weight

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23
Q

End product:
Choestadienyl Monosulfonic Acid
Green color

Chemical Method

A

Liebermann Burchardt Reaction

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24
Q

End product:
Cholestadienyl Disulfonic Acid
Red color

Chemical Method

A

Salkowski Reaction

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25
Q

Color Developer Mixture
Liebermann Burchardt Reagent

A
  1. Glacial Acetic Acid
  2. Acetic Anhydride
  3. Concentrated H2SO4
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26
Q

One-Step

A

Colorimetry

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27
Q

Example of One-step method

A

Pearson, Stern and Mac Gavack

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28
Q

Two-Step Method

A

Extraction + Colorimetry

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29
Q

Example of Two-Step

A

Bloors

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30
Q

Three-Step Method

A

Saponification + Extraction + Colorimetry

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31
Q

Example of Three-step method

A

Abell-Kendal

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32
Q

Four-Step Method

A

Saponification + Extraction + Colorimetry + Precipitation

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33
Q

Example of Four-Step method

A

Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh & Jung

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34
Q

Most common method of quantifying cholesterol oxidase reaction is to measure amount of ___ produced

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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35
Q

Enzymes used in Cholesterol Oxidase Reaction

A

Cholesterol Esterase
Cholesterol Oxidase
Peroxidase

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36
Q

CDC Reference Method for Cholesterol

A

Abell, Levy and Brodie Method

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37
Q

Uses hexane extraction after hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH followed by reaction with Liebermann-Burchardt color reagent

A

Abell, Levy and Brodie Method

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38
Q
  1. Hyperlipoproteinemia types II, III, V
  2. Biliary cirrhosis
  3. Nephrotic Syndrome
  4. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
  5. Alcoholism
  6. Primary hypothyroidism
A

Increased Cholesterol

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39
Q
  1. Severe hepatocellular disease
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Severe burns
  4. Hyperthyroidism
  5. Malabsorption syndrome
A

Decreased Cholesterol

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40
Q

Contains 3 molecules of fatty acid and one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds

A

Triglyceride

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41
Q

Main storage of lipid in man & constitutes 95% of stored fat and the predominant form of glyceryl ester found in plasma

A

Triglyceride or
Triacylglyceride

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42
Q

Breakdown of TAG is facilitated by what

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Epinephrine
Cortisol

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43
Q

Fasting requirement for TAG

A

10-12 hours

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44
Q

Reference Value
1. Normal
2. Borderline high
3. High TAG
4. Very High TAG

A
  1. < 150 mg/dL
  2. 150-199 mg/dL
  3. 200-249 mg/dL
  4. > 500 mg/dL
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45
Q

Most important lipids in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

TAG
Cholesterol

46
Q

Strategy for determining TAG concentration is to hydrolyze all fatty acid esters to produce what?

A

Glycerol

47
Q

Colorimetric Method
Uses Chromotropic Acid and produces Blue color compound

A

Van Handel & Zilversmith

48
Q

Fluorometric Method
Uses Diacetyl Acetone & Ammonia to produce Diacetyl Lutidine compound

A

Hantzsch Condensation

49
Q

Involves hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol, followed by the phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerophosphate

A

Glycerol Kinase Method

50
Q

Uses Lipase, Glycerol Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase and LDH
What is the endpoint

A

Lactate

Glycerol kinase reaction a

50
Q

Uses Lipase, Glycerol Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase and LDH
What is the endpoint

A

Lactate

Glycerol kinase reaction a

51
Q

Uses Lipase, Glycerol kinase, Glycerol PO4 dehydrogenase, and Diaphorase
What is the end point

A

Formasan

glycerol kinase reaction b

52
Q

CDC Reference Method for TAG

A

Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith

53
Q

Involves alkaline hydrolysis using alcoholic KOH, solvent extraction with chloroform and the extract is treated with silicic acid to isolate TAG
End color: PINK

A

Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith

54
Q

Linear chains of Carbon-Hydrogen bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group
Mostly found as constituents of phospholipids or triglycerides

A

Fatty Acids

55
Q

Most of Fatty acids are bound to ___

A

Albumin

56
Q

Reference Value of Fatty Acid

A

9-15 mg/dL

57
Q

Fatty acids without double bonds:

A

Saturated fatty acids

58
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

59
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes TAG & cholesterol esters in lipoprotein
Releases fatty acids and glycerol
Present on the surface of capillary endothelial cells in adipose tissues, cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

LPL

60
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes TAG & cholesterol esters in lipoprotein
Releases fatty acids and glycerol
Present on the surface of capillary endothelial cells in adipose tissues, cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

LPL

61
Q

Hydrolyzes TAG & Phospholipids from HDL
Hydrolyzes lipids on VLDL & IDL

A

Hepatic Lipase

62
Q

Catalyzes esterification of cholesterol from HDL
Enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol esters

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase

LCAT

63
Q

Hydrolyzes phospholipids and TAG in HDL

A

Endothelial lipase

64
Q

Used for effluz of cholesterol from peripheral cells into HDL

A

ATP-binding cassette protein A1

ABCA1

65
Q

Used for effluz of cholesterol from peripheral cells into HDL

A

ATP-binding cassette protein A1

ABCA1

66
Q

Large macromolecular complexes of lipids with specialized proteins known as apolipoproteins

A

Lipoproteins

67
Q

Main purpose of Lipoproteins

A

Transport TAG & Cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization

68
Q

Helps keep the lipids in solution during circulation through the bloodstream
Aids in the solubilization of lipids and their transfer from GI tract to LIVER

A

Apolipoprotein

69
Q

Lasrgest and Least dense of the lipoprotein particles
Transports EXOGENOUS or dietary fat

A

Chylomicrons

70
Q

Secreted in the liver
Transports ENDOGENOUS TAG from liver to muscle, fat deposits and peripheral tissues

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
Pre-Beta

71
Q

Smalles lipoproteins but the most dense
Produced in liver and intestine
Transports excess cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver

A

High Density Lipoprotein
Alpha Lipoprotein

72
Q

CDC Reference Method for HDL

A
  1. Ultracentrifugation
  2. Precipitation with Heparin-MnCl2
  3. Abell-Kendall Assay (3-step method)
73
Q

Reference Value of HDL

A

40 mg/dL

74
Q

Major endproduct from catabolism of VLDL
Transports cholesterol to the peripheral tissues, carries most of the circulating cholesterol and transports it to hepatic and extrahepatic tissues

A

Low Density Lipoprotein
Beta Lipoprotein

75
Q

Most Cholesterol-rich of the lipoproteins and
Most atherogenic
Primary marker for CHD risk

A

LDL

76
Q

Reference Value of LDL
1. Optimal
2. Near Optimal
3. Borderline
4. High
5. Very high

A
  1. < 100 mg/dL
  2. 100-129 mg/dL
  3. 130-159 mg/dL
  4. 160-189 mg/dL
  5. > =190 mg/dL
77
Q

Product of VLDL catabolism/ VLDL remnant
Converted to LDL
Migrates either in the pre B or B region

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

78
Q

Similar to LDL
Also known as Sinking pre-B lipoprotein

A

Lipoprotein (a)

79
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein found in Obstructive Jaundice & LCAT deficiency
Specific and sensitive indicator of Cholestasis

A

Lipoprotein X

80
Q

Also known as “Abnormally migrating B-VLDL”
Found in Type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia
VLDL rick in cholesterol due to defective catabolism of VLDL
Also known as Floating B lipoprotein

A

Beta-VLDL

81
Q

Fasting Preparation:

A

10-12 hours

82
Q

Reference method for quantification of lipoproteins
Based on the protein and TAG contents of lipoproteins

A

Ultracentrifugation

Expressed in Svedberg (s) units

82
Q

Reference method for quantification of lipoproteins
Based on the protein and TAG contents of lipoproteins

A

Ultracentrifugation

Expressed in Svedberg (s) units

83
Q

Electrophoretic pattern

A

HDL, VLDL, LDL, Chylomicrons

84
Q

Preferred Supporting Medium

A

Agarose Gel

85
Q

Lipid-Staining Dyes:

A

Oil Red O
Fat Red 7B
Sudan Black B

86
Q

If this is present, it remains at the origin

A

Chylomicrons

87
Q

Uses polyanions and divalent cations such as Mg, Ca, Mn

A

Chemical Precipitation

88
Q

Currently considered the most important value in assessing cardiac risk and directing therapy

A

LDL-C

89
Q

Friedewald Method
VLDL mmol/L

A

Plasma TAG/2.175

90
Q

VLDL mg/dL

A

Plasma TAG/5

91
Q

De Long Method
VLDL mmol/L

A

Plasma TAG/2.825

92
Q

De Long Method
VLDL mg/dL

A

Plasma TAG/6.5

93
Q

Autosomal dominant caused by defective or deficient LDL receptor
Cannot bind or clear LDL

(+) Xanthelasma & Planar Xanthomas

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

94
Q

Accumulation of plasma VLDL rich in cholesterol and chylomicron remnants
Associated with presence of apo E2/2 (rare form of Apo E)

A

Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia

95
Q

Defective apo B synthesis
VLDL, LDL, Chylomicrons are not found in plasma
Chole & TAG are both decreased
Defects in absorption of fat-soluble Vitamins (A, E, K)

A

Abetalipoproteinemia
Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome

96
Q

Apo-B deficiency resulting from point mutations in apo-B
Decreased: LDL-C, & TC

A

Hypobetalipoproteinemia

97
Q

Inherited disorder, accumulations of sphingomyelin in bone marrow, spleen & lymph nodes

A

Niemann-Pick disease
Lipid Storage disease

98
Q

Complete absence of HDL due to a mutation in the ABCA1 gene on chrom 3

Orange or Yellow discoloration of the tonsils and pharynx

A

Tangier Disease

99
Q

Presents in childhood with abdominal pain & pancreatitis
Inability to clear chylomicron particles, creating the classic “type 1” chylomicronemia syndrome

A

Lipoprotein Lipase deficiency

100
Q

Due to mutation in the LCST gene
HDL-C:<10mg/dL

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency

101
Q

Deficiency of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A, results in the accumulation of sphingolipids in the brain

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

102
Q

Only ApoB-48 is affected

A

Chylomicron Retention Disease
Anderson’s disease

103
Q

Plant sterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissues
Due to mutation in ABCG8 or ABCG5 gene

A

Sitosterolemia

104
Q

Type 1 Hyperchylomicronemia
Familial LPL Deficiency

A

Increased:
TAG
CM

Low Cardiac Risk
Eruptive Xanthoma

105
Q

Type 2a
Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A

Increased
Cholesterol
LDL

Xanthelasma & Tendon xanthoma

High Cardiac risk

Tendon Xanthoma & Xanthelasma

106
Q

Type 2b
Mixed Defect
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia

A

Increased:
TAG
CHOL
LDL
VLDL

High Cardiac Risk

107
Q

Type 3
Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

Increased:
TAG
CHOLE
VLDL

Eruptive & Palmar Xanthoma

108
Q

Type 4
Familial Hypertriglycedemia

A

Increased:
TAG
VLDL

Low Cardiac Risk

109
Q

Type 5 Hyperlipoproteinemia

LPL Deficiency

A

Increased:
TAG
CHOLE
VLDL
CM

110
Q

Most common primary hyperlipidemia

A

Familial combined hyperlipidemia
Type 2b

Clinical Chemistry (16 decks)

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