Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What is a non-specific marker for prostate cancer?
What level of this marker indicates an urgent referal via the suspected cancer pathway?
PSA (prostate specific antigen)
- better at being able to assess progression and response to treatment
> 3ng/ml
Prostate biopsy is the only way of diagnosing prostate cancer. Why must multiple biopsies be taken?
How are biopsies most commonly taken?
Cancer might not be in zone biopsied
TRUS - trans-rectal ultrasound guided
(can also be done transperitoneally but that has to be done under general)
There is a prostate cancer screening programme in the UK. T/F?
F - currently there is not
How does prostate cancer presnent?
If it presents - its already too late
How would a cancerous prostate feel on digital rectal examination?
- firm/hard
- asymmetrical
- craggy
- irregular with loss of the central sulcus
When should PSA be taken?
Prior to digital exam
Examination can cause an increase in PSA - could give a falsely high result if done after
What is ur no1 DD with prostatic cancer?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What system is used to grade prostate cancer histologically?
Gleason grading system
How is prostatic cancer managed in the early stages?
Watchful waiting
In localised prostatic cancer brachytherapy can be used. What is it?
Radioactive seeds put into prostate and delivers continuous targeted therapy
Why is hormonal treatment used?
To reduce testoterone effect which helps cancer grow
Anti-LH
Anti-androgens
What are the majority of prostate cancers?
Adenocarcinomas
Where are the majority of prostate cancers found?
Compare this to BPH
Peripheral zones
BPH - transitional zones
What is the first step in management for low grade?
Active surveillance
When taking a PSA sample how long must a patient refrain from ejaculation and vigorous exercise?
48hrs
