prostate Flashcards
to add fluids to the semen during ejaculation to help sustain the sperm. This protects the semen against naturally occurring acids located within the vagina.
main function of the prostate gland
what are the prostates 2 periods of growth?
The first occurs during puberty when it doubles in size. Its growth then stops until about age 25. At this time, it slowly begins to grow again and for some men can become problematic once they reach their early 50s.
where do the ejaculatory ductrs drain?
what is it made up of?
what does it do?
into the prostatic urethra.
ducts from the seminal vesicles and vas dederence
fluid from SV and prostate help nourish sperm and provide a favorable environoment for them.
describe the anatomy of the prostate
Cone shaped, tapering from its base to its apex. The apex is inferior to its base
–
The bladder neck drains into the prostatic urethra
The ejaculatory ducts drain into the prostatic urethra
The apex of the prostate rests on the urogenital diaphragm
where is the prostatae located?
Posterior to symphysis pubis
•
Inferior to bladder
•
Anterior to rectum
•
Apex sits on urogenital diaphragm (muscle)
what is the normal size and volume of the prostate?
Width 4 cm
•
Length 3.8 cm
•
AP (thickness) 3 cm
•
Volume for an ellipse is L x W x H x .523
what is the elevated area in the prostatic urethra where the ED enter?
what consists of 2 saccular, enlongated organs lying cephalic to the base of the prostate
what is the Junction of the SV ducts and vas deference
Verumontanum
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts
where is the prostate in relations to the urinary bladder?
which zone of the prostate:
Largest zone, containing 70% of glandular tissue
Found lateral and posterior to distal prostatic urethra
which is:
Found at the base
SV, VD ducts enter through this zone
ED pass through
Only 5% of CA occur here
which:
Small area
Located around the proximal prostatic urethra just superior to the verumantanum
peripheral
central
transitional
what is a PSA?
what does it measure?
what does it mean?
PSA or prostate specific antigen is an enzyme produced by the prostate cells. PSA levels can be used as an indicator of prostate-related diseases, especially prostate cancer
PSA assay – Is the test itself measures:
Monoclonal - Measures a single specific type of antigen
Polyclonal - Measure multiple types of prostate specific antigens
Physicians use PSA, along with other factors, to evaluate prostate health. Elevated PSA is often associated with prostate cancer, however there are other conditions that cause an increased PSA. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH or enlarged prostate), prostate cancer, and prostatitis are the most common reasons for an elevated PSA. A PSA score of greater than 4.0 is generally referred for follow-up to rule out prostate cancer, and PSA scores are normally evaluated over time in order to track any unusual or sudden change in levels.
types of prostate evaluations (5)
DRE – Digital rectal exam
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TRUS – Trans Rectal Ultrasound
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Transperineal – Scan through the perineum
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Transurethral – Special catheter put through the urethra
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Suprapubic US evaluation – Need urine in bladder
what type of exam is this?
transabdominal, transverse
what is a benefit of the TRUS exam?
what type of equip is needed?
prep?
Most detailed
–
Specialized equipment
Dedicated machine (B&K in radiology)
Biplane probes – Capable of transverse and sagittal planes
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Probe preparation:
Balloon tips / Cap
Condom
KY gel / Lidocaine gel
what plane is this?
saggital
what plane is this?
trans
what plane is this?
long
what is this showing? how can you tell?verumon
verumontanum. a trans sonogram of the normal prostate. the “eiffel tower” sign (arrowhead) is seen at the level of teh prostatic utricle.
what is this showing?
seminal vesicle
describe teh following structures and tell us their function
Organs of the male reproductive system
Testes
Two oval-shaped glands located outside of the abdomen Considered essential male sex organs.
Produce sperm cells and testosterone.
Scrotum
Loose sack of skin containing the testes.
Holds testes Maintains proper temperature in the testes.
Spermatic cords
Two cords attached to the testes.
Help attach testes to scrotum Function as sperm ducts.
Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube on top of testes.
Sperm stored here to mature.
Vas deferens
Long curved tube running off the epididymis into abdominal region.
Sperm storage and transport.
Seminal vesicles
Two pouches located in pelvic region behind bladder.
Produce elements of seminal fluid, which transports and nourishes sperm.
Prostate gland
Chestnut-sized gland located below the urethra.
Produces elements of seminal fluid, which transports and nourishes sperm.
Ejaculatory ducts
Two short tubes descending through the prostate gland into the urethra.
Form merger point between the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle.
Urethra
Tube running from the bladder through the prostate to the end of the penis.
Final portion of sperm transport system. Also carries urine from body.
Bulbourethral glands
Also called Cowper’s glands Two pea-sized glands located below the prostate gland.
Secrete small amounts of seminal fluid.
Penis
Male sex organ extending out from the abdomen and comprised of erectile tissue, blood vessels and sinus cavities.
Delivers sperm into the female’s body. Eliminates urine from the body.
what are variants of the prostate?
Agenesis of the seminal vesicles
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Cysts – Prostatic utricle, Ejaculatory duct, Mullerian duct cyst
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Agenesis of the vas deferens
what are some indications for a prostate exam?
Urinary Symptoms - Frequency, Nocturia, Dysuria, Decrease urinary force
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Abnormal Lab
Abnormal DRE
Pain
Hematospermia
Oligospermia
Infertility
The gland goes through two growth periods. One at puberty and a second at approximately 25 years of age. The gland often becomes enlarged and problematic for some men when they reach their early 30’s.
True / False
F - eraly 50’s
The prostate is the shape of an inverted pyramid. The pointed end of this pyramid is referred to as the _______.
The ureters drain directly into the prostatic urethra.
True / False
The ejaculatory ducts (ED) are made up of the ducts from the seminiferous tubules and the vas deferens.
True / False
apex
F
F - seminal vesicles and vas deferns
The seminal vesicles are found at the apex of the prostate.
True / False
The junction of the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens form what ducts?
The urogenital diaphragm separates the bladder neck from the base of the prostate. True / False
F - base
ejaculatory ducts
F - apex of the prostate from the base of the penis
The urogenital diaphragm separates the apex of the prostate from the base of the penis.
True / False
The seminal vesicles sit inferior to the urinary bladder.
True / False
The prostate and seminal vesicles both secrete fluid which helps to make up the seminal fluid.
True / False
True to all
The prostate sits inferior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum. True / False
The prostate is routinely palpated from a suprapubic approach. True / False
The Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) allows the prostate to be examined from a posterior approach. True / False
T
F
T
There are normally 2 vas deferens, 2 seminal vesicles and 2 ejaculatory ducts in a male. True / False
What portion of the prostate rests against the urinary bladder?
What is the prostrate?
T
Base
a redneck term for the prostate
The normal size of the prostate gland is approximately __ cm in length, __ cm in width and __ cm in AP dimension.
4, 4, 3
In prostate zonal anatomy the central zone contains the majority of cancers. True / False
Name the large zone of prostate anatomy.
The peripheral zone can be felt by DRE. True / False
F - peripheral zone
peripheral zone
T
This image shows the prostate from the trans-abdominal approach. What plane is this image in?
trans
What approach was used to document this image of the prostate?
From this view, how should the transducer be moved to image the seminal vesicles?
tran-abdo
beam tipped superiorly
What approach was used to document this image of the prostate? How can you tell?
transrectal; calcification are shadowing from posterior to anterior
What side of the prostate is the asterisk on?
What probe movement is necessary to image the apex of this gland?
lt side
pull Td out, more inferiorly
What plane was used to document this image?
Name the anatomy the asterisk in on.
saggittal
seminal vesicles
Here is a special transducer which obtains a 360o view. What plane was this image taken in?
trans
What aspect (side) of the prostate is the arrow pointing to?
posterior aspect
This is a sagittal view of the prostate. Is this a midline image?
If this image is of the rt. side of the gland, what probe movement is necessary to image the midline of the gland.
clockwise
counterclockwise
No
clockwise
