Properties of paper and board Flashcards
what is flexibility and rigidity useful for
- when making 3d products, you need paper and board that can be bent or folded without breaking but rigid enough to keep its shape
- corrugated board is a good option when you need quite a strong and stuff material
why is strength and weight a useful property
- some materials can withstand a fair amount of force without breaking and this would be good for heavy duty packaging or products that will be handled alot
why should toxicity and sustainability be a property to be considered
- recycled paper and board may contain toxic chemicals which mean they’re not suitable for use as food packaging
- laminated paper and board can be hard to recycle cos it’s hard to separate the paper/board from materials
why should cost and quality be considered
- expensive paper and board makes a product feel high quality
- but it’s only worth using for luxury products or something that has to last a long time
When you’re trying to make card based food packaging, what should you consider
- it needs to be printable, so that the customer can see the advertising and nutritional information for what they’re buying
- has to be waterproof and airtight, to prevent food from going bad
- aluminium foil and board to package food to keep flavour in and air out
when making flyers or leaflets, what should be considered
- need to be produced cheaply and in large amounts, so they’re often printed on cheap, low weight (low gsm) paper
- leaflets for classier products may be printed on heavier, higher quality paper because it suits a higher quality product
what are additives and what do they do
they are chemicals which can be added during manufacture ,or can be used to coat paper and board to give it desirable properties
- can also prevent moisture transfer
benefits of additives
they can increase paper strength and enhance brightness or add colour
examples of additives being used
- Baking paper usually treated with sulphuric acid to give it its non stick properties
- Greaseproof paper is treated to change the qualities of its fibres, making it less absorbent
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how can paper and board be bought
by sheets and in rolls
how do we go from A0 to A1
halve the area
what are the most common paper sizes used in schools
A3 and 4
meaning of ply
how many layers the material is made out of
what are standard components
common fixings and parts that manufacturers buy instead of manufacturing them themselves
benefits of using standard components
- mass produced, so they’re available at low costs to manufacturers
- using standard components saves time during manufacture so its more efficient
- specialist machinery and extra materials aren’t needed so it saves money
examples of standard components
- velcro pads are self adhesive pieces of the two part hook and loop system, particularly good for displays
- prong paper fasteners join pieces of paper and card together as movable joints
- treasury tags hold stuff together loosely and are really cheap
- hooks can be used to hang materials and are useful when creating displays
- drawing pins, also known as thumb tacks or mapping pins are useful for sticking paper and card to display boards
- staples are a permanent or temporary fixing for paper or thin card and you can remove them with a staple remover
examples of bindings
comb binding
spiral binding
saddle stitching
summarise comb binding
- holes are punched into sheets using a special machine, then a plastic comb is inserted
- pages can be added or removed without causing damage
- the books open flat, easy to read
summarise spiral binding
- a plastic coil is inserted down the spine
- euro binding is similar but uses a double loop wire instead of a plastic coil
summarise saddle stitching
- double sized pages are folded and stapled together at the centre
- easy and cheap but wont hold many sheets
- the books open flat
what is perfect binding
- pages are folded together in sections
- each section is roughened at the fold then glued to the spine
- you can bing a lot of sheets but can’t open the book flat
what is thread sewing
- pages are sewn together in sections, then a soft cover is glued on
- the pages are less likely to come loose than with perfect binding
- more expensive
summarise case bound
thread sewn but with a head cover
describe envelope seals
- self seal enveloped use two strips of adhesive that seal that seal together on contact
- they are very strong and difficult to break and they’re used for important or confidential letters because they can’t be opened without tearing the letter, so you can see if your letter has been tampered with
describe double sided tape
- useful for attaching two separate pieces of paper or board together without a visible seal
- the tape usually has a peelable layer on one side which is removed when the tape is used
what are tabs
stickers that can be used to seal something eg to keep a leaflet or booklet closed
what are adhesives
glues used to bond paper and card
- glue sticks, sprays, liquids
what are scissors used for
cutting paper and thin card
- not useful for fine detail
examples of cutters and their uses
metal cases knife - used for tougher material such as thick board or balsa wood
- scalpels - used for precision cutting
- circle cutters - used to cut arcs and circles in cars and paper, can vary the diameter of the arc or circle to be cut
- perforation cutters - have a long round blade which rotates as you push it along, making a line of small cuts . used to make tear strips
- plastic trimming knives - similar to metal cased knife but some have retractable blades or blade covers for safety when not in use
what are guillotines and paper trimmers used for
guillotines - used to cut large sheets of paper and card, often many sheets at a time
paper trimmers - smaller piece of equipment that uses a smaller rotary blade to make straight cuts
what are laser cutters
machines that cut own designs using cad. they can make really accurate and fine cuts through paper and card
what does scoring do
- makes paper easier to fold neatly and accurately
- makes sure folds are straight and in the right pkace
how to score paper
- draw a guideline with pencil where you want to fold, and line up a metal ruler along it
- run a knife along the line, using the ruler for guidance
- be careful to only press lights lit with the knife to avoid cutting through the paper/board
What is diecutting used for?
cut shapes out of and crease lines into paper or board
- used to produce nets of complex shaped products such as packaging
what is a net
a 2d plan for making a 3d object
how to die cut
- a die cutter pressed out of the net from the sheet of material, using a sharp blade specially shaped to the outline of the net
- creases can be made by rounding creasing bars
- You have to make a blade especially to match your net so die cutting is expensive, but it’s great for making large quantities of bets with complicated designs
what does lithography do
uses an oil based u k and water and works in the principle that oil and water dont mixed
how does lithography work
- UV light is used to transfer the image onto a smooth aluminium printing plate
- the image area gets coated with a chemical that attracts the oily ink but repels water
why does the image area get coated with a chemical that attracts oily ink in lithography
so that the image area holds ink and the non image area holds water
what happens to the image in offset lithography
the image is printed onto a rubber cylinder which squeezes away the water and transfers ink to the paper
why are lithography and offset lithography useful
- fast ways of printing
- give you a high quality products
- great for print runs of 1000 copies or more so for example; books, newspapers, magazines, packaging
features of flexography
- uses a printing plate made of flexible rubber or plastic. the image sticks out a bit from the plate
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advantages of flexography over lithography
- you can print onto different surfaces - they don’t face to be completely flat, meaning you can print on things like cardboard, plastic bottles
- quicker than lithography and printing plates last longer
- used for large print runs-over 5000, like in packaging, wallpaper and carrier bags
what does gravure involve
- using an etched brass printing plate - meaning the image is lower than the surface of the plate and the ink fills the etched bits
pros and cons of gravure
- expensive to set up
- really fast
- products are higher quality than ones printed using lithography
- used to make products such as postage stamps, photos in books, colourful magazines
what does screen printing involve
- a stencil is put under a fine mesh screen, ink is spread over the top
- ink goes through the stencil and prints onto the material below
pros and cons of screen printing
- low cost
- ideal for short print runs where fine detail isn’t needed
- can use it to print onto various surfaces
what does digital printing involve
- done using inkjet and laser
pros and cons of digital printing
- no set up costs
- expensive per sheet but for short print runs theyre cheaper
- used to print posters, flyers, digital photos etc
what is CMYK
the four colours digital colours used
what does CMYK stand form
C - Cyan
M - Magenta
Y - yellow
K - Black
describe CMYK
- black is made by mixing the three other colours, black ink usually looks better
- when the computer is required to print, the printer recognises the required colour and adds layers of CMYK to make the final colour
what do other printers use instead of CMYK
spot colours like PANTONE
alternative for solid white board
recycled board laminated with high quality paper
what does ply mean (1 ply, 2 ply)
how many layers it’s made out of
