Prologue Flashcards

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0
Q

Behavior

A

Any observable/recordable action done by an organism

ex: yelling, smiling, blinking, sweating

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Mental Processes

A

Internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior

ex: sensations, perceptions, dreams, beliefs

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

The view hat knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation/experimentation

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

School of psychology that focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function; how they enable adaptation, survival, and flourishing

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6
Q

William James

A

Functionalist influenced by Darwin
Wrote “Principles of Psychology” after 12 years
Taught Mary Calkins at Harvard

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7
Q

John Locke

A

Believed that the mind at birth was a tabula rasa (blank slate) that experiences will fill. Formed modern empiricism

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

First to experiment in psychology at the University of Leipzig with a reaction time test. He sought to measure the “atoms of the mind” and launched the first psychology lab.

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9
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

Wundt’s student. First to bring structuralism to the USA at Cornell University.

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10
Q

Mary Calkins

A

Taught at Harvard by William James; was the only student in the class due to men dropping out. Was denied a PhD despite outscoring all men; became a memory researcher and the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

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11
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Became the first female to get a PhD in psychology and the second female president of the APA. Wrote “The Animal Mind”.

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12
Q

Plato

A

Socrates’ student, agreed with the dualist idea proposed by Socrates.

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13
Q

Socrates

A

Concluded that the mind is separable from the body, continuing after death, making knowledge innate. He derived his principles by logic.

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14
Q

Aristotle

A

Believed the soul isn’t separable from the body, that knowledge isn’t preexisting but grows from experiences; rejected dualism. Derived his principles from careful observations.

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15
Q

René Descartes

A

Agreed with Socrates and Plato. He dissected animals, saying the fluid in their brains contained “animal spirits” which flowed through hollow nerves throughout the body. Believed memories and experiences formed holes in the brain for the spirits.

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16
Q

Francis Bacon

A

One of the founders of modern science; said human understanding easily supposed a greater degree of order/equality than it finds. He introduced the scientific method, disliking superstition.

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17
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

A 1960s response to Freudian psychology/behaviorism by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on growth potential and the important of meeting needs for love and acceptance.

18
Q

Natural Selection

A

Darwin’s theory that only traits best suited for survival are passed onto offspring, that those with undesirable traits would not survive

19
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

Do traits develop through experience or are they innate?

20
Q

People : Nature over Nuture

A

Plato, Descartes, Darwin

21
Q

People : Nurture over Nature

A

Locke, Aristotle

22
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

Differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

23
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

24
Q

Introspection

A

Looking in on experienced feelings while doing certain activities

25
Q

Neuroscience Perspective

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

26
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits promotes perpetuation of one’s genes

27
Q

Behavior Genetics Perspective

A

How much our genes and environment influences our individual differences

28
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

29
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

How we learn observable responses

30
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

31
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

32
Q

Basic research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

33
Q

Applied research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

34
Q

Counseling psychology

A

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being

35
Q

Clinical psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

36
Q

Psychiatry

A

Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

37
Q

Industrial/Organization Psychology

A

Study of behavior in the workplace

38
Q

Biological psychologist

A

Explores the links between the brain and mind

39
Q

Developmental psychologists

A

Study changing abilities from womb to tomb

40
Q

Cognitive psychologist

A

Experiments with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

41
Q

Personality psychologists

A

Explore how we view and affect one another

42
Q

SQ3R Study Technique (+1)

A

Survey. Question. Read. Review. Reflect. Summarize.

43
Q

5 Study Techniques

A
  1. Distribute study time
  2. Listen actively in class
  3. Overlearn
  4. Focus on big ideas
  5. Be a smart test-taker