Chapter Twelve Flashcards
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and finally self actualization needs become active
Arousal Theory
Motivated by the need to eliminate boredom
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
The lateral hypothalamus ________ hunger while the ventromedial hypothalamus _________ hunger.
Brings on ; Depresses
Orexin
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that triggers hunger
Ghrelin
The hormone secreted by an empty stomach that arouses hunger.
- Gastric bypass surgery seals off part of the stomach, which reduces hunger/appetites
Leptin
Protein secreted by the fat cells to suppress hunger. When abundant, the brain increases metabolism and decreases hunger.
PPY
Hormone from the digestive tract that suppresses appetite
Set Point
The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Settling Point
As opposed to a set point, the level at which a person’s weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure
Neophobia
Our natural wariness to unfamiliar foods; was adaptive for our ancestors, protecting them from potentially toxic substances
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a normal weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Alfred Kinsey
Indiana University biologist who researched human sexuality, foundational the the sexology field, which provoked controversy in the 1940s and 1950s. Developed the 6 Stage Kinsey Scale of Orientation (0 -6, with 0 being super straight and 6 being super gay)
Sexual Response Cycles
The 4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Refractory Period
A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
- Women typically have a shorter resting period
Sexual Disorder
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
ex: premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction in men, orgasmic disorder in women
Estrogen
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels leak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Erotic Plasticity
The degree to which one’s sex drive can be changed by cultural or social factors. Women are typically more flexible with their sex drives and interests than men.
Fraternal Birth-Order Effect
Phenomena where the probability that a man will be gay increases with the number of older brothers he has
Brains differ with sexual orientation with gay men having a larger section of the _______ and straight men having a larger _______ than both women and gay men
Anterior commissure ; Hypothalamic cell cluster
Most psychiatrists believe ________ plays a greater role in predisposing orientation than ________
Nature ; Nurture
In “Nichomachean Ethics,” Aristotle calls humans _____________.
Social Animals
Ostracism
Social exclusion. Leads to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, the area that responds to physical pain.
Flow
A completely involved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Personnel Psychology
A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development
Organizational Psychology
A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
Interviewer Illusion
An interviewer’s overestimation of their ability to judge well and predict long term job success in job applicants
Structured Interview
Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated in established scales
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, ideas; for attaining a high standard.
Task Leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediate conflict, and offers support
