Chapter Sixteen Flashcards
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Psychological Disorder
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavioral patterns
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Said madness was not demonic possession (as everyone had thought) but rather it was a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions
Medical Model
The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.
DSM-IV
The American Psychiatric Association’s “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (Fourth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated “text-revision” (DSM-IV-TR)
______ create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and interpretations.
Labels
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes
Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
Social Phobia
An intense fear of being scrutinized by others
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
The _____ ________ ______, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.
Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
ex: major depressive disorder, mania, bipolar disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Mania
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.
Norepinephrine is _____ during mania but ______ during depression
Abundant; Scarce
______ is scarce during depression
Serotonin
Schizophrenia
Literally meaning “split mind,” schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, event toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
