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AP Psychology > Chapter Fifteen > Flashcards

Chapter Fifteen Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Free Association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing

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3
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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4
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

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5
Q

Id

A

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
- Newborn babies are id-dominated

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6
Q

Ego

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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7
Q

Superego

A

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
- Said to emerge around the ages of 4 to 5

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8
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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9
Q

Oral Psychosexual Stage

A

0-18 months.
Pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing.
Psychological theme: Dependency.
Adult character: Highly dependent/Highly independent

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10
Q

Anal Psychosexual Stage

A

18-36 months.
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control.
Psychological theme: Self-control/Obedience.
Adult character: Anally retentive/Anally Expulsive

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11
Q

Phallic Psychosexual Stage

A

3-6 years.
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings (Oedipus complex; Electra complex)
Psychological theme: morality/sexuality identification.
Adult character: promiscuous and amoral/asexual and puritanical

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12
Q

Latency Psychosexual Stage

A

6 years-Puberty.

Dormant sexual feelings.

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13
Q

Genital Psychosexual Stage

A

Puberty-Death.
Maturation of sexual interests.
Psychological theme: Maturity and creation and enhancement of life

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14
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
- Some psychoanalysts believe in the female parallel “Electra Complex”

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15
Q

Identification

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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16
Q

Fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
ex: Smoking shows a fixation for the oral stage

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17
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
- 6 defense mechanisms exist : Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, and Displacement

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18
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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19
Q

Regression

A

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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20
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

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21
Q

Projection

A

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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22
Q

Rationalization

A

Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

23
Q

Displacement

A

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that sifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

24
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

25
Q

NeoFreudians

A

Psychoanalysts accepting Freud’s basic ideas (of the personality structures of the id, ego, and superego; of the importance of the unconscious; of the shaping of personality in childhood; of the dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms).
Differ from Freud as they put more emphasis on the conscious mind’s role in interpreting experience and coping and emphasize loftier motives and social interactions rather than sex and aggression.

26
Q

Alfred Adler

A

NeoFreudian who believed that childhood social tensions were crucial to personality formation. Known for the concept of an “inferiority complex”

27
Q

Karen Horney

A

NeoFreudian who believed that childhood social tensions were crucial to personality formation. Said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. Countered Freud’s assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy”

28
Q

Carl Jung

A

Placed less emphasis on social factors, agreed that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence; however, he believed the unconscious contained more than repressed thoughts/feelings and has what he called a “collective unconscious”

29
Q

Projective Test

A

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

30
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

31
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

32
Q

Terror-Management Theory

A

Proposes that faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit of self esteem provides protection against a deeply rooted fear of death

33
Q

Third Force Perspective

A

Another name for the humanistic approach pioneered by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasizing human potential and seeing the world through the patient’s, not the researcher’s, eyes.

34
Q

Self Actualization

A

According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

35
Q

According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being what three things?

A

Genuine, accepting, and empathetic

36
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

37
Q

Self Concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

38
Q

Trait

A

As described by Gordon Allport, characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

39
Q

Myers-Brigg Type Indicator

A

Made by Isabel Briggs Myer and her mother Kathleen Briggs, a personality test according to Carl Jung’s personality types

40
Q

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

A

Made by Hans and Sybil Eysenck, a personality test with two dimensions: extroversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

41
Q

Personality Inventory

A

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

42
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

43
Q

Empirically Derived Test

A

A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

44
Q

What are the “Big Five” Personality Factors?

A 
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability vs. Instability)
Openness 
Extroversion
45
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context

46
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

47
Q

Personal Control

A

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

48
Q

External Locus of Control

A

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine’s one’s fate

49
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

The perception that one controls one’s own fate

50
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

Positive Psychology

A

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

52
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

53
Q

Self-Esteem

A

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth

54
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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