Prokaryotic cells electron micrograph

Question 1

Explain why the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells must be based on electron micrographs

Answer 1

Ultrastructures are small structures of/in a biological specimen that are too small to see with a light microscope

Question 2

Steps for binary fission

Answer 2

1) The (nucleoid) DNA replicates to create an exact genetic copy
2) The (New nucleoid) DNA attached to cell membrane close to the original
3) Cell membrane (And wall if present) grow, causing cell to elongate and DNA molecules to move apart from each other
4) Cell membrane (And wall if present) pinch inwards, creating 2 genetically identical cells

Question 3

Define antibiotic

Answer 3

Chemical that kills bacteria

Question 4

Mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria

Answer 4

Block cell wall synthesis, and w/o a cell wall the cell will burst and die

Question 5

Compare allowable risks of the past with those of the present

Answer 5

Then:

• no protocols or rules to follow
• impure drug samples
• fast testing
• consent not required

Now:

• Strict protocols and rules
• purified drug samples
• testing takes many years
• consent required

Question 6

Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses

Answer 6

Viruses do not have a metabolism they don’t have the structures and processes that antibiotics disrupt.

EX: NO CELL WALL, RIBOSOMES, don’t replicate their own DNA, do not have cell membrane