Eukaryote Flashcards
Define compartmentalization
The presence of membrane bound partitions (AKA organelles) Inside the eukaryotic cell.
Advantage of compartmentalization
1) specialization for specific functions without interference from other cell functions.
2) Allows molecules needed for a function (EX Enzymes) to reach a higher concentration than if all the molecules were diluted in the cytoplasm.
Why do cells with different functions have different structures?
Cells have different organelles depending on the primary function of the cell type.
This allows cells to specialize for a specific task, which can lead to increased complexity of the entire system.
Function of Mitochondria
- Cellular respiration
- Where glucose chemical energy is converted to ATP
- Found in cytoplasm
Function of Plasma membrane
-Gives the cell shape and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Function of Ribosome
- Site of protein synthesis
- Made of protein and RNA
- Are free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to ER
Function of Rough ER
- Stacked, flattened sacs with many ribosomes attaches
- forms link between the nuclear envelope and ribosomes
Function of Smooth ER
- No ribosomes
- Area from which vesicles carrying proteins and lipids are budded
Function of Golgi
- Stores, modifies, and packages proteins. Tags proteins so that they go to their correct destination
- determines if protein stays or leaves the cell
- series of flattened disc shaped sacs, stacked on top of each other
- Located near ER
Cells with alot of Golgi
secrete hormones
Function of Vesicle
transports materials between organelles and to/from the cell membrane
Function of Nucleus
- Holds most of cell’s DNA, the genetic code for making proteins.
- Also has nucleolus and nucleic acid
Function of Nucleolus
- where ribosomes are synthesized.
- a demse structure of crystalline protein
Endomembrane organelles
Organelles that work together to modify, process, and ship molecules around and out of the cell
(ER-> Golgi ->Vesicles)
Vesicles vs lysosomes
Vesicles are lysosomes without enzymes
Function of Nucleic acid
involved in ribosome synthesis
Function of Chloroplast
location of photosynthesis
Function of vacuole
Water filled sac that helps maintain cell turgidity
Function of cytoskeleton
Supports and shapes the cell, positions, and transports organelles, provides strength, assists in cell division, Aids cell movement
Function of cilia
cilia moves substances along the cell
Function of flagella
Make cell move
Function of cell wall
Provides structural rigidity and support
Function of Extracellular matrix
reservoir for water, ions, nutrients, hormones, cell signaling molecules
- maintains strength and rigidity of tissue
- Maintain shape of tissue
- Medium through with nutrients/metabolic wastes exchanged
Function of Lysosome
break down damaged and worn out cell parts ; defends a cell from invaders
2 reasons for vesicle movement
- Transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside the cell (EX Proteins from the ER to the golgi)
- Secretory vesicles- can move molecules inside the cell to the outside of the cell (EX: to dispose of waste or secrete a protein)
How do the organelles of the endomembrane system function together to produce and secrete proteins?
1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA
2) mRNA is translated at a ribosome on the rough ER (Creating a protein)
3) Protein is packaged into a transport vesicle
4) Protein inside the vesicle is transported to the Golgi
5) Protein is modified within the golgi
6) Secrete the protein when the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane during exocytosis.
Outline how phospholipids and membrane bound proteins are synthesized and transported into the cell membrane.
1) As the vesicle moves through the cell towards the Golgi, the new phospholipids and embedded protein are also transported.
2) They will fuse with the golgi, become Golgi
3) Bud off as a secretory vesicle
4) move towards the cell membrane.
5) When the secretory vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, the new phospholipids and embedded proteins become part of the cell membrane.
State the function of an exocrine gland cell.
Exocrine gland cells synthesize molecules (often protein enzymes) for secretion from the cell into an external space.
