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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria

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2
Q

Examples of advantageous bacteria

A

Guy bacteria and in cycling of nutrients in the natural world

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3
Q

Features of bacteria cells that aren’t present in all bacteria

A

Flagellum
Plasmids
Mesosome
Capsule/slime layer
Photosynthetic membranes

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4
Q

How are contents around bacteria walls usually hypertonic

A

They are hypertonic to medium so water tends to move into cells via osmosis

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5
Q

Use of cell wall in bacterium cells

A

Prevents cell swelling and bursting
Maintains shape of bacterium

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6
Q

What do all cell walls consist of

A

A layer of peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of

A

Many parallel polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross linkage forming big molecule with net like structure

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8
Q

What do some bacteria’s have around their cells

A

Slime layer or capsule

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9
Q

What is a slime layer/ capsule formed with

A

Formed from starch
Gelatin
Protein or glycolipid

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10
Q

Function of the slime layer/ capsule

A

Protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by white blood cells and covers cell markers on membrane that identify cells

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11
Q

How does a bacterium benefit from having a capsule

A

Makes it more pathogenic because not so easily identified by the immune system

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12
Q

Examples of bacterium that are pathogenic with capsules/ slime layers

A

Pneumonia
Meningitis
TB
Septicaemia

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13
Q

How have bacteria capsules evolved

A

To help the bacteria survive very dry conditions

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14
Q

Pili/ fimbriae

A

Thread like protein projections on the surface on bacteriums

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15
Q

Examples of bacterium that have pili

A

ecoli
Salmonella

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16
Q

Function of pili/fimbriae

A

Used for attachment to a host cell and for sexual reproduction

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17
Q

How can pili make bacteria more vulnerable

A

As a bacteriophage can use pili as a point of entry to the cell

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18
Q

Flagella

A

Little bigger than microtubules in eukaryotic cells made of many stranded helix of the proteins flagellin

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19
Q

Function of flagella

A

Moves the bacterium by rapid rotation about 100 revolution per second

20
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

Bacterium have no mitochondria so cell surface membranes site of some respiration

21
Q

Mesosomes

A

In some bacteria cell surface membranes have inner foldings called mesosomes

22
Q

Function of mesosomes

A

Artefact of preparing cell for observation
Associated with enzyme activity during separation of dna
Inner foldings used for photosynthesis in some bacterial species

23
Q

Plasmids

A

Some bacterial cells have one or lots of smaller circles of DNA

24
Q

Function of plasmid

A

Codes for particular aspect of bacterial phenotype in addition to genetic information in the nucleoid

25
Q

Examples of functions plasmids code for

A

Particular toxin
Resistance to antibiotics

26
Q

How can plasmid be transferred

A

Transferred from one bacterium to another in a form of sexual reproduction using the pili

27
Q

Nucleoid

A

The area in the bacterium cell where dna is coiled is called nucleoid

28
Q

Where do bacterium cells carry out protein synthesis

A

70s ribosomes 🤠

29
Q

What are 70s ribosomes made of

A

Two sub units
Smaller 30s
Larger 50s

30
Q

what are 70s ribosomes involved in

A

involved in synthesis of proteins in similar way to eukaryotic ribosomes

31
Q

2 main types of bacterial cell wall

A

gram positive and gram negative

32
Q

gram staining

A

a method of identifying type of bacteria cell wall

33
Q

who was gram staining developed by

A

Christian gram

34
Q

why is gram staining valuable

A

because different types of bacteria are vulnerable to different types of antibiotics and one factor that effects the vulnerability is their cell wall

35
Q

how are bacteria cell walls before staining

A

colourless

36
Q

structure of gram positive bacteria

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan that have chemicals like techoic acid within net like structure

37
Q

test for gram positive

A

crystal violet complex in gram stain trapped in thick peptidoglycan layer and resists colouring when bacteria are dehydrated using alcohol. it doesnt pick up red safranin counterstain leaving positive purple/blue colour

38
Q

features of gram positive respectively

A

-surface proteins
-peptidoglycan
-techoic acid
-plasma membrane
-membrane proteins

39
Q

features of gram negatives respectively

A

-lipopolysaccharides
-outer membrane proteins
-outer membrane peptidoglycan
-inner membrane
-inner membrane proteins

40
Q

example of gram positive bacteria

A

MRSA

41
Q

example of gram negative bacteria

A

E.coli

42
Q

structure of gram negative bacteria

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan with no acid between layers
-outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides

43
Q

test for gram negative bacteria

A

after complex applied, bacteria dehydrated in ethanol. lipopolysaccharide layer dissolves in ethanol leaving thin peptidoglycan layer exposed. crystal complex washed out and peptidoglycan takes up red safarin counterstain so cell appears red

44
Q

how to antibiotics work

A

target
-cell wall
cell membrane
genetic material
-enzymes
-ribosomes

45
Q

why do doctors need to know the type of bacteria

A

because it will effect the type of antibiotic prescribed

46
Q
A

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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