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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > mitosis > Flashcards

mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism growth both result of miotoic cell division

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

dependent on mitosis needs two parents genetically vary

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3
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

chromosomes of cell duplicated and genetic information equally shared out between two daughter cells that result

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4
Q

whats a chromosome

A

made up of a mass of coiled threads of dna and proteins

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5
Q

chromosomes of cell thats not actively dividing

A

chromosomes translucent to light and electrons so cant see them clearly

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6
Q

chromosomes of cells that are actively dividing

A

they condense become shorter and denser. they take up stain better and can see individual chromosomes

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7
Q

histones

A

positive charged basic protein

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8
Q

role of histones

A

help dna molecules condense to be packed closely and well

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9
Q

nucleosomes

A

when dna winds around histones to form dense cluster

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10
Q

what do nucleosomes do

A

interact to make more coiling and supercoiling to form dense chromosomes

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11
Q

feature of supercoiled part of chromosomes

A

genes not available to be copied to make proteins

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12
Q

karyotype

A

image showing all chromosomes in a cell

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13
Q

cell cycle

A

regulated process of stages in which cells divide into two genetically identical daughter cells

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14
Q

interphase

A

period of non division when cells increase in mass and size and carry out normal cellular activities and replicate dna ready for cell division

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15
Q

order of cell cycle

A

G1
S
G2
mitosis
cytokinesis

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16
Q

G1 first stage of interphase

A

time between end of previous mitosis and start of chromosome duplication
in active cells G1 very short but can be longer in other cells

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17
Q

S stage 2 of interphase

A

stage when chromosomes replicate and become double stranded chromatids ready for next cell division

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18
Q

G2 third stage of interphase

A

time when organelles and other materials needed for cell division are synthesised before cell can divide

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19
Q

M

A

mitosis when cells are actively dividing

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20
Q

C

A

cytokinesis final stage when cells can become new separate cells

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20
Q

how is cell cycle controlled

A

number of chemical signals made in response to different genes

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21
Q

cyclins

A

small proteins that are control chemicals that control the cell cycle

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22
Q

what do cyclins attach to

A

cyclin dependent kinase enzymes

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23
Q

role of cyclin dependent kinases

A

formed phosphorylates changes shape of proteins to bring them to different stage of cell cycle

24
Q

phosphorylation of chromatin

A

results in chromosomes becoming denser and phosphorykation of some proteins in nuclear membrane which leads to breaks down of nuclear membrane during cell division

25
Q

examples of permenant cells

A

nerve cells
light sensitive cells of retina
cardiac cells

26
Q

ATP in interphase

A

production of ATP stepped up to provide more energy needed as cells divide

27
Q

order of cell cycle steps

A

interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

28
Q

steps in prophase

A

chromosomes coil up
take up stain and visible
each chromosome has two daughter chromatids and attached to each from centromere
nucleolus breaks down and centrioles begin to pull apart to form spindle

29
Q

centromere

A

point at which daughter chromatids join

30
Q

process of metaphase

A

-nuclear membrane broken
-centrioles moved to opposite sides of centre
-forms set of microtubules = spindle
-chromatids jost on metaphase plate of spindle
-line up along plate
-each centromere with microtubule

31
Q

anaphase step

A

-centromeres split then chromatids separate
-chromatids from different pairs to opposite side of cell
-spindles move chromatids using ATP

32
Q

structure of spindles

A

made up of overlapping microtubules that have contractile fibres
contraction of overlapping fibres causes movement of chromatids

33
Q

telophase of cell

A

-spindle fibres break down
-nuclear envelopes form around two sets of chromosomes
-nucleoli and centrioles re formed
-chromosomes unravel
-less dense and harder to see

34
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

-ring of contractile fibres tighten around center of cell
-continue to contract until two cells separated

35
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

-cellulose cell wall building form inside cell outwards
-two identical daughter cells formed
enter interphase for next cycle

36
Q

clones

A

genetically identical organisms

37
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

doesnt rely on finding mate
-large number of offspring rapidly
-

38
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

offspring genetically same- problem when living conditions change if virus comes

39
Q

sporulation

A

production of asexual spores capable of growing into new individuals

40
Q

where is sporulation most common in

A

fungi
mosses
ferns

41
Q

features of asexual spores

A

can survive adverse conditions and can easily spread over large distances

42
Q

regeneration

A

when organism replaces part of lost body part

43
Q

fragmentation

A

when organisms reproduce themselves from fragments of their body

44
Q

examples of asexual reproduction

A

fragmentation
sporulation
regeneration

45
Q

budding

A

outgrowth from parent that produces smaller but identical individual produced purely by mitotic cell division

46
Q

what happens to bud from budding

A

detached from parent organism and has own existence

47
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

version of reproductive budding in flowering plants

48
Q

process of vegetative propagation

A

plants forms structure that develops into fully differentiated new plant identical to parent plant

49
Q

what happens to new plant in vegetative propagation

A

propagated into stem leaf or root of parent only by mitotic division

50
Q

perennating organs

A

vegetative propogation involves perennating organs that contain food store for photosynthesis and remain dormant in soil to survive adverse conditions

51
Q

how farmers increase plant numbers cheaply

A

removing new seeds from runners
cutting bulbs of plants
cutting up rhizomes

52
Q

how farmers induce fragmentation artificially

A

take small piece of plant part of shoot often and plant it to grow and develop by mitosis into new plant

53
Q

parthenogenesis

A

process by which unfertilised egg develops into new indivudual

54
Q

3 parts of growth

A

cell division
assimilation
cell expansion

55
Q

define growth

A

permenant increase in cell number or size or mass or all three

56
Q

dry mass

A

mass of body of organism with all water removed from it

57
Q

meristem

A

region of mitosis and growth in plant shoot or root

58
Q
A

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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