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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

a light microscope

A

a tool that uses beams of light and optical lenses to magnify objects

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2
Q

an electron microscope

A

a tool that uses beams of electrons and magnetic lenses to magnify specimens

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3
Q

magnification

A

a measure of how much bigger an object is than the real object

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4
Q

resolution

A

how close two objects can be before they are seen as one

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5
Q

transmission electron micrographs

A

micrographs produced by electrons that give 2d images like electron microscopes but with higher magnification

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6
Q

scanning electron micrographs

A

micrograph produced by electron microscopes that have lower mag than transmission ones but seen in 3d

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7
Q

organelles

A

sub cellular bodies found in cytoplasm of cell

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8
Q

eukaryotes

A

group of organisms with cells that have genetic material enclosed in membrane

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9
Q

prokaryotes

A

group of organisms with genetic information not enclosed in membrane bound organelle

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10
Q

cell surface membrane

A

membrane that forms the outer bound of the cytoplasm and controls what goes in and out of the cell

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11
Q

vesicles

A

membrane bags that hold secretions made in cells

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12
Q

polar liquids

A

lipids with on end attached to a polar group

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13
Q

gated channels

A

protein channels through the bilipid layer opening and closing depending on activity

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14
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

current model for the phosphobilipid layer

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like substance that makes bulk of cell and contains organelles

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16
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material surrounded by nucleus pores

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17
Q

protoplasm

A

cytoplasm and nucleus combined

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18
Q

chromatin

A

granular combination of dna bonded to protein found in nucleus when cell not actively not dividing

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

dense area of almost pure dna where ribosomes are produced and where division and growth occur

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20
Q

cristae

A

infoldings of inner membrane which provide large surface area for aerobic respiration

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21
Q

eubacteria

A

true bacteria
(prokaryotes and organisms)

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22
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts lived as independent organelles before living sybmbiotically with other organisms

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23
Q

centrioles

A

bundle of tubules found near the nucleus involved in cell division by production of a spindle of microtubules that move to each side of the cell

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24
Q

spindle

A

set of overlapping microtubules running length of the cell formed as centrioles pull apart in meioisis and mitosis

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25
Q

cytoskeleton

A

dynamic 3d web like structure made of microfilaments that keep web in place and keeps organelles bound

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26
Q

microfilaments

A

protein fibres that make up part of cytoskeleton

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27
Q

microtubules

A

protein fibres 20mm in diamater that make up part of cytoskeleton

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28
Q

vacuole

A

fluid filler cavity in cytoplasm of cell surrounded by a membrane

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29
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

3d network of membrane bound cavities that link to nuclear membrane and makes up large part of transport and synthesis

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30
Q

contracile vacoules

A

vacuoles that can fill and are empty to help control concentration of cytoplasm of simple freshwater animals

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31
Q

80s ribosomes

A

found in eukaryotes
site of protein synthesis
made of 60s and 40s
have ribisomal RNA

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32
Q

70s ribosomes

A

found in prokaryotes

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33
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

ER that is covered in ribosomes involved in production and transport of proteins

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34
Q

exocytosis

A

energy requiring process where vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane so contents are released outside the cell

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35
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth tubular surface without ribosomes involved in transport of steroids and lipids

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36
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stacks of membranes that modify proteins made elsewhere in cell and package them to transport them

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37
Q

lysosome

A

organelle full of digestive enzymes used to break worn out cells or digest simple foods

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38
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
break down of worn out damaged cells by lysosomes

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39
Q

cell wall

A

freely permeable membrane around plant cells mainly made of cellulose

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40
Q

suberin

A

chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in cork tissues and make them impermeable

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41
Q

lignin

A

chemical that impregnates cellulose cell wall in wood and makes it impermeable

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42
Q

middle lamella

A

first layer of plant cell to be formed when plant cell divides
mainly made of calcium pectate that binds layers of cellulose together

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43
Q

pectin

A

polysaccharide tht holds cell walls of neighouring plant cells together and is part of primary structure of plant cell wall

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44
Q

primary cell wall

A

first very flexible plant cell to form with all cellulose microfibrils oriented in a similar direction

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45
Q

secondary cell wall

A

older plant cell wall in which the cellulose microfibrils built in different angles to each other making cell wall more rigid

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46
Q

plant fibres

A

long cells with cellulose cell walls that have been heavily lignified so they are rigid and very strong

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47
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic bridges between plant cell walls that allow comunication between cells

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48
Q

symplast

A

interconnected cytoplasm of plant cells connected by plasmodesmata

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49
Q

tonoplast

A

specialised membrane that surrounds the permanent vacoule in plant cells and controls movement of substances in and out of cells

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50
Q

cell sap

A

aquaous solution that fills vacoule

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51
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle adapted to carry out photosynthesis contaning green pigment chlorophyll

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52
Q

amyloplast

A

plant organelles that store starch

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53
Q

tissue

A

group of specialised cells carrying out specific function

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54
Q

epithelial tissue

A

tissues that form the lining of surfaces inside and outside the body

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55
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution with higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than surrounding solution

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56
Q

peptidoglycan

A

large net like molecule found in all bacterial cell walls made up of many parralel polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross linkages

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57
Q

pili (fimbriae)

A

thread like protein projections found on surface of some bacterias

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58
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that attack bacteria

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59
Q

flagella

A

many stranded helices of the contracile protein flagellin found on some bacteria. they move the bacteria by rapid rotations

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60
Q

mesosomes

A

infoldings of cell membrane of bacteria

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61
Q

nucleiod

A

area in a bacterium wheree we find single length of coiled dna

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62
Q

plasmids

A

small circular pieces of dna that code for specific aspects of the bacterial phenotype

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63
Q

gram staining

A

staining technique used to tell apart bacteria type from cell walls

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64
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

bacteria that have technioc acid in cell walls and stain purple blue with staninng

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65
Q

teichoic acid

A

chemical found in cell walls of gram positive cell

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66
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

bacteria that have no techoic acid in cell wall and stain red during staning

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67
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

68
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

69
Q

spirilla

A

bacteria with twisted or spiral shape

70
Q

vibrios

A

comma shaped bacteria

71
Q

obligate aerboes

A

organisms that need oxygen for respiration

72
Q

envelope

A

coat outside a virus derived from lipids in the host cell

73
Q

capsid

A

protein coat of a virus

74
Q

capsomeres

A

repeating protein units that make up capsid in virus cell

75
Q

virus attachment particles

A

antigens that target proteins in host cells surface membrane

76
Q

Dna viruses

A

composed of dna as genetic material

77
Q

rna viruses

A

composed of rna as genetic material

78
Q

retroviruses

A

special type of rna virus that controls the production of dna corresponding to viral rna and insert it into the host cell dna

79
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

enzyme synthesised in the life cycle of a retrovirus that makes dna corresponding to viral rna genome

80
Q

non virulent

A

micro organism that doesnt cause disease

81
Q

provirus

A

dna thats inserted into host cell during lysogenic pathway of production of viruses

82
Q

lysogeny

A

period when cell virus doesnt effect host

83
Q

latent

A

state of non virulent cell within host cell

84
Q

ebola

A

highly infectious disease that causes fever and internal bleeding and death in half cases

85
Q

mortality rate

A

measurment of the number of deaths in a given population or due to a specific case

86
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic that takes place in several places or globally

87
Q

mitosis

A

process by which a cell divides and produces two daughter cells

88
Q

asexual re produces

A

geneticlly indentical produce

89
Q

meiosis

A

gametes making sexually different organisms

90
Q

histones

A

positively charged proteins involved in coiling of dna to form dense chromosomes in cell division

91
Q

nucleososomes

A

dense clusters of dna wound around histones

92
Q

karyotype

A

way of displaying images of chromosomes of a cell to show pairs of autosomes and gametes

93
Q

cell cycle

A

regulates process in which two daughter cells are produced

94
Q

interphase

A

period between active cell division when cells increase their size and mass replicate dna and are in normal stage

95
Q

chromatid

A

one strand of dna joined with other chromatids in centrosomes

96
Q

cyclins

A

small proteins that vuild up during interphase and involved in control of cell cycle by their attachment to cyclin dependent kinases

97
Q

cyclin dependent kinases

A

enzymes involved in control of the cell cycle by phospholyrating other proteins activated by atatchment to cyclins

98
Q

prophase

A

first stage of cell division where chromosomes are coiled up and consist of the daughter chromatids joined by the centromere. the nucleoluus breaks down

99
Q

metaphase

A

second stage of active division where a spindle of overlapping protein microtubules form and chromatids line up on the metaphase plate

100
Q

anaphase

A

third stage
where centromeres split so chromatids become new chromosomes.
moved to opposite sides
centromeres first
by contractions of microtubules of spindles

101
Q

telophase

A

where nuclear membrane forms around two sets of chromosomes
chromosomes unravel and spindle breaks down

102
Q

centromere

A

region where a pair of chromatids joined which attached to single strand of spindle at metaphase plate

103
Q

metaphase plate

A

region of spindle in middle of cell where chromosomes line up

104
Q

cytokenesis

A

division of cytoplasm to make two daughter cells

105
Q

clones

A

genetically identical offspring produced as a result of natural or artificial asexual reproduction

106
Q

binary fission

A

splitting of one individual to form other individuals

107
Q

sporulation

A

production of asexual spores that can grow into individuals

108
Q

regeneration

A

use of mitosis to regrow a body part that has been lost

109
Q

fragmentation

A

use of mitosis to regenerate whole organism with fragment of an animal

110
Q

budding

A

outgrowth from parent organism which develops into individual via mitosis

111
Q

vegetative propogation

A

a plant forms a structure by mitosis that develops into a fully differentiated genetically identical new plant

112
Q

parthenogenesis

A

an unfertilised egg develops into a new individual

113
Q

dry mass

A

mass of an organism where all water is removed from

114
Q

meristem

A

region of mitosis and growth in a plants shoot or root

115
Q

diploid

A

cell with nucleus containing full set of chromosomes

116
Q

haploid

A

cell with once complete set of chromosomes

117
Q

zygote

A

cell formed when to haploid cells fuse at fertilisation

118
Q

fertilisation

A

fusing of two haploid cells to form diploid zygote

119
Q

polypoidy

A

when cell or organism has more than two sets of organisms

120
Q

gonads

A

sex organs in animals

121
Q

anthers

A

sex organs in plants

122
Q

pollen

A

produced in anthers
has haploid male gametes in plants

123
Q

ovules

A

formed in overies
have haploid female gametes in plants

124
Q

testes

A

male sexual organs

125
Q

spermatoza

A

haploid male gamates in animals

126
Q

ova

A

haploid female gamates in animals

127
Q

microspores

A

result of meiosis in plants that produce male gametes pollen

128
Q

megaspores

A

result of meoisis in plants that produce female gametes in plantes ovula

129
Q

chiasmata

A

points where chromosomes break during recombination

130
Q

translocation

A

part of chromosome breaks of and joins different chromosome

131
Q

sex chromosomes

A

with haploid nucleus that determine sex of offspring

132
Q

non disjunction

A

when chromosomes fail to seperate and copy so one has copy and one doesnt

133
Q

monosomy

A

when only one member of pair of chromosome present in cell

134
Q

polysomy

A

when cell contains three or more of same chromosome

135
Q

aneuploidy

A

when cell has to many or few chromosomes

136
Q

mutation rate

A

rate at which mutation naturally occurs

137
Q

mutagens

A

chemicals known to increase rate of mutation

138
Q

gameotegenesis

A

formation of gametes in sex organs

139
Q

primordial germ cell

A

cells that divide by meosis do form sperm and ova

140
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formulation of sperm in testes

141
Q

oogenesis

A

formulation of ova in ovaries

142
Q

sporophyte generation

A

diploid generation in plants that produce spores by meiosis

143
Q

gametophyte generation

A

haploid generation in plants that gives rise to gametes by mitosis

144
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid main body of plant

145
Q

pollen sacs

A

parts of anthers where pollen grains develop

146
Q

tube nucleus

A

male nucleus where that will control production of pollen tube in fertilisation

147
Q

generative nucleus

A

male nucleus that will fuse with female nucleus

148
Q

pollen tube

A

tube that grows out of pollen grain down style into ovary and through micropyle of ovule to carry two male nuclei to the ovule

149
Q

placenta

A

pad of special tissue that attaches plant ovule to the ovary wall

150
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

151
Q

external fertilisation

A

process of fertilisation of female gamete by male gamete met outside parental bodies to fuse and fertilise

152
Q

internal fertilisation

A

fertlisation of female by male inside mothers body

153
Q

acrosome

A

region of head that has enzymes to digest layer of ova

154
Q

zona pelludica

A

layer of protective jelly around infertilused egg cell

155
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilisation of egg by more than one sperm

156
Q

fertilisation membrane

A

tough layer formed outside egg to stop more sperm getting in

157
Q

conception

A

fertilisation of sperm in humans

158
Q

germination

A

pollen tube start to grown out of pollen grains to transfer male nuclei to ovule

159
Q

double fertilisation

A

one male nucleus fuses with nuclei of two polar nuclei to form endosperm nucleus and fuses with egg cell to form diploid zygote

160
Q

totipotent

A

cell is able to develop into any type of cell

161
Q

cleavage

A

special type of mitosis with no interphase to have lots of undifferentiated cells

162
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells 5 days after fertilisation

163
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

cells in early stage embryo that have potential to form many other cells

164
Q

pluripotent

A

cell is able to develop into most other cells

165
Q

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A

cells that can form most but not all types of cells

166
Q

cell determination

A

pedestination of cells to become type of tissue depending on position

167
Q

diffrentiate

A

develop into specific type of tissues

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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