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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > eukaryotes > Flashcards

eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

protoplasm

A

nucleus and cytoplasm combined

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2
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

needed for every day chemical tasks

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3
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic info to produce chemicals for all cell make up

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4
Q

functions of membranes inside the cell

A

localise enzymes in reaction pathways
-compartmentalise chemicals

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5
Q

largest organelle

A

nucleus

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6
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

double nuclear membrane with pores

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7
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double nucleur membrane around nucleus that has pores

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8
Q

function of nuclear pores

A

chemicals pass in and out of nucleus via pores so nucleus can control activity in cytoplasm

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9
Q

2 main substances in nuclear envelope

A

DNA
RNA
proteins

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10
Q

what happens when cell not actively dividing

A

DNA bonded to protein to for chromatin which looks like tiny granules

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11
Q

nucleolus

A

extra dense area of almost only DNA and protein

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12
Q

function of nucleolus

A

-production of ribosomes
-plays part in growth and division of cell

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13
Q

what surround the mitochondria

A

an outer and inner membrane

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14
Q

do mit have their own genetic material

A

oui

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14
Q

cristae

A

inner membrane of mit folded

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14
Q

fluid matrix

A

surrounds cristae

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15
Q

function of cristae

A

gives mit more surface area for respiration

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15
Q

how do scientists think mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved

A

as symbiotic eubacteria living outside cells

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16
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

evolution of eykaryote cells with organelles symbiotic to eukaryotes

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17
Q

where are centrioles found

A

in a pair near the nucleus

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18
Q

what are centrioles made of

A

a bundle of nine tubules

19
Q

function of centrioles

A

involved in cell division
-when cell divides centrioles pull apart to form spindle of microtubules that are involved in movement of chromosomes

20
Q

cytoskeleton

A

dynamic 3d web like structure that fills cytoplasm

21
Q

whats the cytoskeleton made of

A

microtubules and microfilaments

22
Q

what are microfilaments

A

protein fibres

23
Q

proteins in microfilaments

A

related to myosin and actin
-contracile proteins in muscles

24
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

globular protein tubulin

25
Q

vacoules

A

-not permenant features in animal cells
-many animals make food vacoules around prey

26
Q

contracile vacoules

A

important in simple animals that live in fresh water
-allow water content of cytoplasm to be controlled

27
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

3d network of cavities bounded by membranes

28
Q

types of cavities in ER

A

some sac like and some tubular

29
Q

function of ER

A

links with other membranes around nucleus and makes up large part of transport system within cell and site of protein transport and synthesis

30
Q

what are ribosomes made from

A

ribosomal RNA and protein
large and small subunits

31
Q

small and large part of 80S ribosomes

A

40S and 60S

32
Q

RER

A

covered with 80S ribosomes

33
Q

function of ribosomes/RER

A

make proteins and RER isolates and transports proteins once they are made

34
Q

exocytosis

A

when substances leave a cell

35
Q

features of RER

A

large surface area for synthesis of proteins and stores and transports them within and out of cell

36
Q

what is SER involved in

A

transport and synthesis of steroids and lipids

37
Q

whats the GA made of

A

stacks of parrallel flattened membrane pockets called cisternae

38
Q

how is cisternae formed

A

by vesicles from ER fusing together

39
Q

function of GA

A

-proteins brought to GA in vescicles
-pinched of from RER where theyre made
-vesicles fuse with membrane sacs of GA
-protein enters GA stacks
-

40
Q

what happens to proteins as they travel in the GA

A

modified in various ways

41
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes found in GA enclosed in vesicles to form lysosome organelle

42
Q

features of inner parts of GA

A

closer to RER
-rich in protein modifying enzymes

43
Q

features of outer parts of GA

A

lots of finished protein

44
Q

receptor binding sites

A

area#s that need to be outside cell membrane
-oriented by GA so when arriving at membrane inserted correctly

45
Q

lysosomes

A

dark spherical bodies in cytoplasm
-mix of digestive enzymes

46
Q

function of lysosomes

A

attach to each other or membranes to break down contents in molecules to making them usefull

47
Q

apoptosis

A

lysosomes programmed self destruction

48
Q
A

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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