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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > fertilisation > Flashcards

fertilisation Flashcards

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1
Q

gameotogenesis

A

gametes that make sexual reproduction possible formed in this process

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2
Q

special cells of ova

A

primordial germ cells in gonads

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3
Q

role of mitosis in gameotogenesis

A

provides precursor cells

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4
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of spermatoza

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5
Q

precursor cells of sperm

A

primoridal germ cell

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6
Q

1 stage of spermatogenesis

A

-diploid primordial germ cell divides by mitosis to form diploid spermatogonia

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7
Q

second stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogenia grows without further division until big enough to be called primary spermatocytes

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8
Q

third stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytes undergo meiosis
first meiotic division results in two haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes

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9
Q

fourth stage of spermatogenesis

A

second meiotic division results in four haploid cells called spermatids

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10
Q

fifth stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermatids differentiate in tubule of testes to form spermatozoa
active gametes capable of fertilising an ovum

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11
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of ova

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12
Q

difference of roles of germ cell of ova and sperm

A

germ cell in testes forms lots of sperm
germ cell in ovaries forms only one egg per cell

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13
Q

first step of oogenesis

A

diploid germ cell divides by mitosis to make diploid oogenia
most oogenia dont develop further
degenerate

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14
Q

second step of oogenesis

A

only one diploid oogenia grows lots of material go into making egg
this cell known as primary oocyte

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15
Q

third stage of oogenesis

A

primary oocyte undergoes meiosis
results in 2 cells
larger cell secondary oocyte
smaller sticks to oocyte called first polar body

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16
Q

fourth stage of oogenesis

A

oocyte dont further divide until after ovulation
ova in ovaries secondary oocyte

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17
Q

fifth stage of oogenesis

A

second meiotic division after fertilisation occurs
-secondary oocyte divides to form haploid ovum
another polar body formed
first polar body divides to make 2 more
degenerate and die as ovum develops

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18
Q

function of polar bodies in ova

A

recieve chromosomes in meiotic division

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19
Q

tasks of sperm

A

-remain in suspension in semen to transport in female duct
-penetrate protective ova barrier
deliver male haploid genome safely
millions made in mans lifetime because their trash

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20
Q

acrosome of sperm

A

membrane bound storage site for enzymes that digest layers surrounding ovum and allow sperms head to go through

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21
Q

nucleus of sperm

A

has highly condensed halpoid chromosomes
condensed state of genetic material reduced amount of energy needed to transport it

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22
Q

mitochondria in sperm

A

tightly packed in middle section provide atp for lashing of tail

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23
Q

microtubules

A

produce whip like movements of tail that keep mature sperm in suspension and help swim towards ovym

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24
Q

tail of sperm

A

flagellum that propels sperm by movement in liquid enviorment

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25
Q

zona pelludica of ova

A

clear jelly like layer

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26
Q

features of ova

A

-zona pelludica
haploid polar body
-cell surface membrane of oocyte
-cytoplasm with food reserves

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27
Q

sporophyte generation

A

first phase of plant is diploid and produces spores by meiosis

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28
Q

gametoohyte generation

A

second stage of plant is haploid and gives rise to gametes in plants by meiosis

29
Q

sporophyte

A

main body of plant and is diploid

30
Q

what happens to haploid gametophytes

A

reduced to parts of anther and ovary
-produced by meiosis from spore mother cells

31
Q

where does meiosis occur in flowering plants

A

anthers resulting in lots of pollen grains that carry male gametes

32
Q

what does each anther have

A

four pollen sacs where pollen grains develop
are diploid

33
Q

whats in each pollen sac

A

large number of microspores which are gametophyte generation

34
Q

features of gametes

A

have 2 haploid nuclei

35
Q

names of two haploid nuclei in gametes

A

tube nucleus and generative nucleus

36
Q

function of tube nucleus

A

produces pollen tube that penetrates through stigma style and ovary into ovule

37
Q

function of generative nucleus

A

then fuses with nucleus of ovule to form new individual

38
Q

function of tube nucleus

A

-produced by tube nucleus
-penetrates through stigma and ovary into ovule
-generative nucleus then fuses with nucleus of ovule to form new individual

39
Q

formation of egg cells in plants

A

-meiosis results in number of ova in ovules inside ovary
-ovula attached to wall of ovary by pad of placenta
-nucellus forms
-diploid megaspore- four haploid megaspores by meiosis
-3 die and one grows
-megaspore has 3 miotic divisions
-results in embryo sac that has egg cell
two polar nuclei
synergids
antipodal cells

40
Q

nucellus

A

complexe structure of coverings that form around tissue of placenta

41
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma often from one flower to another

42
Q

how pollen is transfered

A

insects
mammals
bird
wind

43
Q

external fertilisation

A

female and male gametes released outside parental bodies and meet and fuse in outside enviorment

44
Q

internal fertilisation

A

of female gamete by male gamete which takes place in body of mother

45
Q

disadvantages of internal fertilisation

A

not sure if gametes will meet
good for complex and simple water animals

46
Q

dis and ad of internal fertilisation

A

gametes in body makes sure ova and sperm in moist enviorment maximises chance of fertilisation
-might not fertilise

47
Q

how sperm move to ova

A

as sperm move through tract acrosome matures so releases enzymes and penetrates ovum

48
Q

features of ovum in tract

A

not fully completed meiosis
-secondary oocyte with polar body

49
Q

zona pelludica

A

-ovum released surrounded by protective jelly like layer and some folicles of hair

50
Q

what happens when head of sperm touches ovum

A

-acrosome reaction triggered
-enzymes digest follicle hairs and zona pelludica
-one not enough so lots of sperm in ejaculation provide enough enzymes to break down barrier

51
Q

what happens when one sperm manages to touch barrier of ovum

A

oocyte completes second meiotic devision
-haploid egg nucleus fuse with haploid male nucleus

52
Q

why is it important not loads of sperm touch egg

A

-egg fertilised by to many sperm (polyspermy) and would produce nucleus with to many sets of chromosomes

53
Q

how are lots of sperm prevented form coming to egg

A

-ion channels in cell membrane of ovum open and close inside of cell
-becomes positive instead of negative outside
-

54
Q

fertilisation membrane

A

tough layer that forms around fertilised ovum to prevent entry of other sperm

55
Q

what happens when head of sperm enters ova but not tail

A

-it absorbs and swells
-releases chromosomes
-to fuse with those of ovum and form diploid zygote
-conception has occurred

56
Q

what happens when pollen land on surface of stigma during pollination

A

-molecules interact
-if recognise each other, pollen grain germinates
-

57
Q

where does pollen tube begin to grow

A

-out from tube cell of pollen grain through stigma into style

58
Q

tip of pollen down tube

A

-uses hydrolytic enzymes to digest throuugh tube
-digested tissues acts as nutrients source and pollen tube grows

59
Q

double fertilisation

A

in plants where male nucleus fuses with nuclei of two polar nuclei to form endosperm nucleus and other fuses with egg cell to form diploid zygote

60
Q

totipotent

A

-zygote totipotent
-potential to form all types of cells for new person

61
Q

first stage of developing embryo

A

cleavage
-special mitosis which cell divide without normal interphase
-happens as embryo travels down oviduct
result small identical ball of cells

62
Q

blastocyst

A

small ball of unspecialised cells as a result of cleavage process

63
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

tiny cells of early human embryo

64
Q

role of outer layer cells in blastocyst

A

form placenta and inner cells already lost some ability to specialise

65
Q

pluripotent

A

can all types of cells for future but not tissue like placenta

66
Q

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A

cells that can change into any cell but not tissue like placenta

67
Q

cell determination

A

cells already predestined and determined to become one type of tissue
-even if surgically removed and paced on other part of body will still produce what predertimined to

68
Q
A

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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