Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VETS1060 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first cellular life?

A

Cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All cells are derived from…

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryotes have great ____ and high ____

A

Diversity; Survivability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two of the three branches in the Tree of Life are

A

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The “Prokaryote” branch in the Tree of Life includes:

A

Archaea and Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Last common ancestor of all life are the

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____ are essential for life on earth

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proteobacteria are gram _____

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prokaryotes lack a

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two types of bacterial Cell Walls are

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gram positive/negative bacteria are determined by:

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three Functions of the Cell Wall are:

A

-Maintain cell shape
-provide physical protection
-prevent osmotic bursting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Cell Wall contains

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gram positive have a peptidoglycan that is

A

Tight and linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is Peptidoglycan found

A

Cell wall of Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan structure that is

A

Loose and thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which gram bacteria has an extra membrane

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which gram bacteria stains purple

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which gram bacteria stains pink/red

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gram negative bacteria will stain

A

Pink/Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gram positive bacteria will stain

A

Purple/Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Lipopolysaccharide?

A

Endotoxin found on cell wall of gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 6 functions of the Cell/Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Regulation of movement into and out of cell
  • Synthesizes cell wall components
  • Assists with DNA replication
  • Secretes proteins
  • Contains the base of appendages (ie. flagella)
  • Can respond to environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does ‘selectively permeable’ mean?

A

Regulation of movement of material into and out of the cell by transport mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the structural components of the cell/plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophilic end/head (phosphate group) and a hydrophobic centre (fatty acid molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s the Lipid Bilayer?

A

The central, hydrophobic portion of the Cell/Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Capsule is made of?

A

Sugars and/or Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What part of bacteria is used as protection against host immune system (ie. phagocytosis)?

A

The Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What structure is external to the cell wall in bacteria?

A

Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are three functions of the Capsule?

A
  • Adhesion to substrate
  • Cohesion/Biofilms (ie. plaque)
  • Protection against host immune system (phagocytosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pili, Fimbriae, and Flagellum are?

A

Surface filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are three types of surface filaments?

A
  • Pili & Fimbriae
  • Flagellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leptospirosis contains an ______ flagella.

A

Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Four types of morphology (structure) of bacteria?

A
  • Bacillus (rods)
  • Coccus (balls)
  • Coccobacillus (grape bundle)
  • Spirochaete (squiggly lines)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 7 main structural components of bacteria?

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Cell/Plasma Membrane
  3. Capsule
  4. Surface Filaments (Pili & Fimbriae, Flagellum)
  5. Nucleoid
  6. Ribosomal DNA in Cytoplasm
  7. DNA on Plasmids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The complete set of genetic material within a cell is called a?

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A Haploid is?

A

A single ring of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The Nucleoid in prokaryotic cells contains?

A

Genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains

A

Ribosomal DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

DNA of prokaryotes is located in the

A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

rDNA is located in the

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Multi-drug resistance genes are located in

A

DNA on Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Plasmids are _______ for survival

A

NOT essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Large Gram+ rods are called

A

Endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Give an example of an Endospore

A

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Clostridum tetani (Tetanus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Anthrax and Tetanus are examples of

A

Large gram positive rods (Endospores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Endospores are

A

Large gram + rods that are difficult to kill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does “Thermostable” mean

A

Destroyed with certainty ONLY by moist heat at 121 C for 15 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How can one destroy thermostable Endospores?

A

Autoclave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

List three types of unusual bacteria:

A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Rickettsia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What’s a vector-borne disease?

A

Transmitted via fleas, ticks, mites, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What bacteria LACKS a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a mixed community of bacteria called?

A

Biofilms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where are biofilms located?

A

Embedded in a matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the mode of nutrition for prokaryotes called?

A

Chemoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Define Chemoheterotroph

A

Mode of nutrition for many prokaryotes - energy is obtained via organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are Obligate Aerobes

A

Require oxygen for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are Obligate Anaerobes?

A

Will be poisoned by oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How do Obligate Anaerobes survive?

A

Use inorganic molecules or fermentation (organic molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the four types of metabolic relationships with oxygen

A
  1. Obligate Aerobes
  2. Obligate Anaerobes
  3. Facultative Anaerobes
  4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Generation/Doubling time means

A

The time it takes for a cell to divide and the population to double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Bacterial reproduction is done by

A

Asexual Binary Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Asexual Binary Fission does NOT require

A

-meiosis
-fertilization

66
Q

Genetic variation can occur through four methods:

A

Mutation, Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction

67
Q

Transduction occurs by

A

Gene transfer between cells by viruses

68
Q

Conjugation occurs by

A

Plasmid gene transfer

69
Q

Transformation occurs by

A

Foreign DNA from the environment

70
Q

Major source of genetic variation occurs by

71
Q

Bacteria have high ____ and ____

A

Diversity, Survivability

72
Q

Six types of Extremophiles:

A

Thermophile (high temperature), Psychrophile (low temperature), Acidophile (acid), Barophile (pressure), Xerophile (dry), Halophile (salt)

73
Q

Give an example of human applications of Prokaryotes

A

Microbial Leaching/Mining, Fuel Production, Bioremediation (ie. sewage, water purification, herbicides, oil spills, etc.), Antimicrobials, vitamins, vaccines, insulin, etc., Detergents, Food products (vinegar, citric acid, etc.), Genetic engineering

74
Q

Types of Symbiotic Associations:

A

Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitic/Pathogen

75
Q

Term for symbiotic association where one organism benefits and one organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

76
Q

An example of a Commensalism Symbiotic Association is

A

Staphylococcus

77
Q

A symbiotic association where two organisms of different species benefit from association

78
Q

What’s an example of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Association

79
Q

What types of parasitic/pathogen associations are there

A

Opportunistic Pathogens, Obligate Pathogens

80
Q

What is it called when a pathogen causes disease when it enters a host?

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

81
Q

What’s it called when a pathogen requires a host to fulfill its life cycle?

A

Obligate Pathogen

82
Q

A microorganism that is able to produce disease is called

A

A Pathogen

83
Q

Indigenous Microbiota are

A

Acquired soon after birth, are host-specific and organ-specific

84
Q

Examples of Indigenous Microbiota:

A

B.bifidum (human GI), Staphylococcus epidermidis (human skin), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (dog skin), E.coli (all species, intestine), Pasteurella multocida (upper respiratory tract of most animals)

85
Q

What can contribute to commensals causing infection

A

Lowered host defense mechanisms (ie. immunosuppressed, diabetic), Normal flora disturbed (ie. oral antibiotics), Change in natural habitat of the organism

86
Q

Example of a commensal turned into opportunistic infection

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

87
Q

How is acidosis of the rumen caused?

A

Too much grain in feed —> fusobacterium necrophorum

88
Q

What is an example of an Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria that affects cattle?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

89
Q

Define Opportunistic Pathogen

A

A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or it infects a host with a diminished immune system

90
Q

Give an example of a Uropathogenic Opportunistic Pathogen

91
Q

Three functions of the intestinal microbiome

A

Protection, Structure, Metabolism

92
Q

What’s an example of mutualism

A

Gut microbiome

93
Q

What is the rumen

A

A large, pre-gastric fermentation chamber found in ruminants

94
Q

What is the primary energy source in ruminants

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

95
Q

What is a VFA

A

Volatile Fatty Acid —> byproduct of microbes within the rumen

96
Q

What weighs 10-20% of total body weight in ruminants?

97
Q

List the 5 major groups of rumen microorganisms:

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Archaea, Bacteriophages

98
Q

What are some negative interactions within the rumen

A

Predation, pathogens, competition for space and resources

99
Q

Functions of Escherichia coli

A

Synthesizes vitamin K in intestine, essential for blood clotting, breakdown and absorb food, waste processing

100
Q

Disease definition

A

Injury to a host that impairs the function of host tissue

101
Q

Infection definition

A

Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host

102
Q

Inflammation definition

A

Response of host tissue to injury or infection. Infiltration of tissue with WBCs leading to redness, swelling, and pain

103
Q

Invasiveness

A

Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread

104
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes harm to the host

105
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The capacity of bacterium to cause disease

106
Q

Virulence

A

The degree or severity of disease caused by the infectious agent

107
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanism of infection (ie. how the disease develops)

108
Q

Adhesions

A

Allows attachment to the host (ie. Fimbriae, Pili, Surface Proteins)

109
Q

List the 5 types of Exotoxins

A

Cytotoxins, Haemolysins, Proteases, Phospholipases, Leukocidins

110
Q

Example of an Exotoxin

A

Botulism, Cholera

111
Q

Examples of an Endotoxin

A

LPS, Pyrogenic, Toxic Shock

112
Q

What are two types of toxins

A

Exotoxins, Endotoxins (gram-negative bacteria only)

113
Q

What is the function of exotoxins

A

Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel through host

114
Q

Flagella can be used for

A

Motility, immune evasion

115
Q

What part of bacteria is antiphagocytic

116
Q

What can enterotoxigenic E.coli cause

A

Hypersecretory diarrhoea resulting in rapid dehydration and acidosis

117
Q

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli affects ____ and is mainly carried by ____

A

Humans, cows

118
Q

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli can cause

A

Kidney failure, oedema in brain

119
Q

Anthrax is usually associated with which specie(s)

A

Sheep, goats, and cattle (occasionally pigs and humans)

120
Q

How is Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) obtained

A

Ingestion of Endospore

121
Q

What does AMR stand for

A

Antimicrobial Resistance

122
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

A

Microorganism formally susceptible to the action of the antimicrobial is no longer affected by it. Ie. Bacteria has changed so the antibiotic no longer works

123
Q

What are two types of AMR

A

Intrinsic Resistance, Acquired Resistance

124
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A

Structural or functional characteristic in the microorganism that provides AMR

125
Q

Acquired Resistance

A

Genetic mutation or acquisition of genetic element (plasmids) that provide microorganism with AMR

126
Q

What are two eradicated diseases

A

Rinderpest, Small pox

127
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

A pathogen obtained in hospital. Ex. UTI, MRSA, SSI

128
Q

One organism benefits, one organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

129
Q

Staphylococcus is a type of _______ symbiotic association

A

Commensalism

130
Q

Both organisms benefit from association

131
Q

E.coli is an example of a _____ symbiotic relationship

A

Mutualistic

132
Q

One organism benefits while the host is disrupted

A

Parasitic/Pathogenic

133
Q

Two types of Parasitic/Pathogenic relationships are:

A

Opportunistic, Obligate

134
Q

Anthrax is an example of a ______ symbiotic association

A

Parasitic/Pathogenic

135
Q

A pathogen that causes disease when it enters a host is called

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

136
Q

A pathogen that requires a host to fulfill its life cycle is called

A

Obligate Pathogen

137
Q

Indigenous Microbiota are an example of

A

Commensals

138
Q

Commensals can cause Opportunistic Infections when

A

Host defense mechanism is lowered (immunosuppressed, diabetic), Normal flora is disturbed (oral antibiotics), Change in natural habitat of the commensal (ex. Fusobacterium necrophorum)

139
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Anaerobic Gram-negative Bacteria, Commensal turned into Opportunistic when too much grain is given (results in acidosis of the Rumen)

140
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or infects a host with a diminished immune status

141
Q

Three functions of intestinal microbiome

A

Protection, Structural, Metabolic

142
Q

Ruminants evolved

A

A large pre-gastric fermentation chamber (the Rumen)

143
Q

Uropathogenic E.coli is an example of

A

Commensal turned Opportunistic Infection

144
Q

5 Major Groups of Rumen Microorganisms are:

A

Bacteria (break down plant material into VFA), Protozoa (consume and ferment bacteria into VFA), Fungi (assist in fibre degradation), Archaea (produce methane), Bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria)

145
Q

VFA is

A

Volatile Fatty Acid (primary source of energy in ruminants)

146
Q

Negative Interactions of the rumen include

A

Predation, Pathogens, Competition for space and resources

147
Q

Example of a Synergistic Interaction (cross feeding)

A

Cellulolytic bacteria

148
Q

4 Functions of Escherichia coli include

A

Synthesis of vitamin K in intestine, blood clotting, breakdown of food, food absorption and waste processing

149
Q

Injury to the host that impairs the function of host tissue

150
Q

Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host

151
Q

The response of the host tissue to injury or infection (ie. infiltration of tissue with WBCs, redness, swelling, pain)

A

Inflammation

152
Q

Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread

A

Invasiveness

153
Q

An organism that causes harm to the host

154
Q

The degree/severity of a disease

155
Q

Mechanism of infection/by which the disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

156
Q

Adhesins

A

Allows attachment to the host (ex. Fimbriae, pili, surface proteins)

157
Q

Two types of toxins include

A

Exotoxins, Endotoxins

158
Q

What is the purpose of Exotoxins

A

Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel

159
Q

2 Examples of pathogens with exotoxins include

A

Botulism, Cholera

160
Q

5 types of Exotoxins

A

Cytotoxins, Haemolysins, Proteases, Phospholipases, Leukocidins

161
Q

Examples of Endotoxins include

A

LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock

162
Q

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) release the neurotoxin Botulinum toxin, which prevents

A

Release of acetylcholine from synapse, resulting in paralysis and death

VETS1060 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions