Prokaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What was the first cellular life?
A
Cyanobacteria
2
Q
Define Anaerobic
A
Without oxygen
3
Q
All cells are derived from…
A
Prokaryotes
4
Q
Prokaryotes have great ____ and high ____
A
Diversity; Survivability
5
Q
Two of the three branches in the Tree of Life are
A
Prokaryotic
6
Q
The “Prokaryote” branch in the Tree of Life includes:
A
Archaea and Bacteria
7
Q
Last common ancestor of all life are the
A
Prokaryotes
8
Q
_____ are essential for life on earth
A
Prokaryotes
9
Q
Proteobacteria are gram _____
A
Negative
10
Q
Prokaryotes lack a
A
Cell membrane
11
Q
Two types of bacterial Cell Walls are
A
Gram Positive and Gram Negative
12
Q
Gram positive/negative bacteria are determined by:
A
Cell wall
13
Q
Three Functions of the Cell Wall are:
A
-Maintain cell shape
-provide physical protection
-prevent osmotic bursting
14
Q
The Cell Wall contains
A
Peptidoglycan
15
Q
Gram positive have a peptidoglycan that is
A
Tight and linked
16
Q
Where is Peptidoglycan found
A
Cell wall of Bacteria
17
Q
Gram negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan structure that is
A
Loose and thin
18
Q
Which gram bacteria has an extra membrane
A
Gram negative
19
Q
Which gram bacteria stains purple
A
Gram positive
20
Q
Which gram bacteria stains pink/red
A
Gram negative
21
Q
Gram negative bacteria will stain
A
Pink/Red
22
Q
Gram positive bacteria will stain
A
Purple/Blue
23
Q
What is Lipopolysaccharide?
A
Endotoxin found on cell wall of gram negative bacteria
24
Q
What are the 6 functions of the Cell/Plasma Membrane?
A
- Regulation of movement into and out of cell
- Synthesizes cell wall components
- Assists with DNA replication
- Secretes proteins
- Contains the base of appendages (ie. flagella)
- Can respond to environment
25
What does 'selectively permeable' mean?
Regulation of movement of material into and out of the cell by transport mechanism
26
What are the structural components of the cell/plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic end/head (phosphate group) and a hydrophobic centre (fatty acid molecules)
27
What’s the Lipid Bilayer?
The central, hydrophobic portion of the Cell/Plasma Membrane
28
The Capsule is made of?
Sugars and/or Proteins
29
What part of bacteria is used as protection against host immune system (ie. phagocytosis)?
The Capsule
30
What structure is external to the cell wall in bacteria?
Capsule
31
What are three functions of the Capsule?
- Adhesion to substrate
- Cohesion/Biofilms (ie. plaque)
- Protection against host immune system (phagocytosis)
32
Pili, Fimbriae, and Flagellum are?
Surface filaments
33
What are three types of surface filaments?
- Pili & Fimbriae
- Flagellum
34
Leptospirosis contains an ______ flagella.
Internal
35
Four types of morphology (structure) of bacteria?
- Bacillus (rods)
- Coccus (balls)
- Coccobacillus (grape bundle)
- Spirochaete (squiggly lines)
36
What are the 7 main structural components of bacteria?
1. Cell Wall
2. Cell/Plasma Membrane
3. Capsule
4. Surface Filaments (Pili & Fimbriae, Flagellum)
5. Nucleoid
6. Ribosomal DNA in Cytoplasm
7. DNA on Plasmids
37
The complete set of genetic material within a cell is called a?
Genome
38
A Haploid is?
A single ring of DNA
39
The Nucleoid in prokaryotic cells contains?
Genetic material
40
Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains
Ribosomal DNA
41
DNA of prokaryotes is located in the
Nucleoid
42
rDNA is located in the
Cytoplasm
43
Multi-drug resistance genes are located in
DNA on Plasmids
44
Plasmids are _______ for survival
NOT essential
45
Large Gram+ rods are called
Endospores
46
Give an example of an Endospore
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Clostridum tetani (Tetanus)
47
Anthrax and Tetanus are examples of
Large gram positive rods (Endospores)
48
Endospores are
Large gram + rods that are difficult to kill
49
What does “Thermostable” mean
Destroyed with certainty ONLY by moist heat at 121 C for 15 minutes
50
How can one destroy thermostable Endospores?
Autoclave
51
List three types of unusual bacteria:
1. Mycoplasma
2. Chlamydia
3. Rickettsia
52
What’s a vector-borne disease?
Transmitted via fleas, ticks, mites, etc.
53
What bacteria LACKS a cell wall
Mycoplasma
54
What is a mixed community of bacteria called?
Biofilms
55
Where are biofilms located?
Embedded in a matrix
56
What is the mode of nutrition for prokaryotes called?
Chemoheterotroph
57
Define Chemoheterotroph
Mode of nutrition for many prokaryotes - energy is obtained via organic compounds
58
What are Obligate Aerobes
Require oxygen for survival
59
What are Facultative Anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
60
What are Obligate Anaerobes?
Will be poisoned by oxygen
61
How do Obligate Anaerobes survive?
Use inorganic molecules or fermentation (organic molecules)
62
What are the four types of metabolic relationships with oxygen
1. Obligate Aerobes
2. Obligate Anaerobes
3. Facultative Anaerobes
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
63
Generation/Doubling time means
The time it takes for a cell to divide and the population to double
64
Bacterial reproduction is done by
Asexual Binary Fission
65
Asexual Binary Fission does NOT require
-meiosis
-fertilization
66
Genetic variation can occur through four methods:
Mutation, Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
67
Transduction occurs by
Gene transfer between cells by viruses
68
Conjugation occurs by
Plasmid gene transfer
69
Transformation occurs by
Foreign DNA from the environment
70
Major source of genetic variation occurs by
Mutation
71
Bacteria have high ____ and ____
Diversity, Survivability
72
Six types of Extremophiles:
Thermophile (high temperature), Psychrophile (low temperature), Acidophile (acid), Barophile (pressure), Xerophile (dry), Halophile (salt)
73
Give an example of human applications of Prokaryotes
Microbial Leaching/Mining, Fuel Production, Bioremediation (ie. sewage, water purification, herbicides, oil spills, etc.), Antimicrobials, vitamins, vaccines, insulin, etc., Detergents, Food products (vinegar, citric acid, etc.), Genetic engineering
74
Types of Symbiotic Associations:
Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitic/Pathogen
75
Term for symbiotic association where one organism benefits and one organism neither benefits nor is harmed
Commensalism
76
An example of a Commensalism Symbiotic Association is
Staphylococcus
77
A symbiotic association where two organisms of different species benefit from association
Mutualism
78
What’s an example of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Association
E.coli
79
What types of parasitic/pathogen associations are there
Opportunistic Pathogens, Obligate Pathogens
80
What is it called when a pathogen causes disease when it enters a host?
Opportunistic Pathogen
81
What’s it called when a pathogen requires a host to fulfill its life cycle?
Obligate Pathogen
82
A microorganism that is able to produce disease is called
A Pathogen
83
Indigenous Microbiota are
Acquired soon after birth, are host-specific and organ-specific
84
Examples of Indigenous Microbiota:
B.bifidum (human GI), Staphylococcus epidermidis (human skin), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (dog skin), E.coli (all species, intestine), Pasteurella multocida (upper respiratory tract of most animals)
85
What can contribute to commensals causing infection
Lowered host defense mechanisms (ie. immunosuppressed, diabetic), Normal flora disturbed (ie. oral antibiotics), Change in natural habitat of the organism
86
Example of a commensal turned into opportunistic infection
Fusobacterium necrophorum
87
How is acidosis of the rumen caused?
Too much grain in feed —> fusobacterium necrophorum
88
What is an example of an Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria that affects cattle?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
89
Define Opportunistic Pathogen
A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or it infects a host with a diminished immune system
90
Give an example of a Uropathogenic Opportunistic Pathogen
E.coli
91
Three functions of the intestinal microbiome
Protection, Structure, Metabolism
92
What’s an example of mutualism
Gut microbiome
93
What is the rumen
A large, pre-gastric fermentation chamber found in ruminants
94
What is the primary energy source in ruminants
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
95
What is a VFA
Volatile Fatty Acid —> byproduct of microbes within the rumen
96
What weighs 10-20% of total body weight in ruminants?
The Rumen
97
List the 5 major groups of rumen microorganisms:
Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Archaea, Bacteriophages
98
What are some negative interactions within the rumen
Predation, pathogens, competition for space and resources
99
Functions of Escherichia coli
Synthesizes vitamin K in intestine, essential for blood clotting, breakdown and absorb food, waste processing
100
Disease definition
Injury to a host that impairs the function of host tissue
101
Infection definition
Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host
102
Inflammation definition
Response of host tissue to injury or infection. Infiltration of tissue with WBCs leading to redness, swelling, and pain
103
Invasiveness
Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread
104
Pathogen
An organism that causes harm to the host
105
Pathogenicity
The capacity of bacterium to cause disease
106
Virulence
The degree or severity of disease caused by the infectious agent
107
Pathogenesis
Mechanism of infection (ie. how the disease develops)
108
Adhesions
Allows attachment to the host (ie. Fimbriae, Pili, Surface Proteins)
109
List the 5 types of Exotoxins
Cytotoxins, Haemolysins, Proteases, Phospholipases, Leukocidins
110
Example of an Exotoxin
Botulism, Cholera
111
Examples of an Endotoxin
LPS, Pyrogenic, Toxic Shock
112
What are two types of toxins
Exotoxins, Endotoxins (gram-negative bacteria only)
113
What is the function of exotoxins
Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel through host
114
Flagella can be used for
Motility, immune evasion
115
What part of bacteria is antiphagocytic
Capsule
116
What can enterotoxigenic E.coli cause
Hypersecretory diarrhoea resulting in rapid dehydration and acidosis
117
Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli affects ____ and is mainly carried by ____
Humans, cows
118
Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli can cause
Kidney failure, oedema in brain
119
Anthrax is usually associated with which specie(s)
Sheep, goats, and cattle (occasionally pigs and humans)
120
How is Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) obtained
Ingestion of Endospore
121
What does AMR stand for
Antimicrobial Resistance
122
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Microorganism formally susceptible to the action of the antimicrobial is no longer affected by it. Ie. Bacteria has changed so the antibiotic no longer works
123
What are two types of AMR
Intrinsic Resistance, Acquired Resistance
124
Intrinsic Resistance
Structural or functional characteristic in the microorganism that provides AMR
125
Acquired Resistance
Genetic mutation or acquisition of genetic element (plasmids) that provide microorganism with AMR
126
What are two eradicated diseases
Rinderpest, Small pox
127
Nosocomial Infection
A pathogen obtained in hospital. Ex. UTI, MRSA, SSI
128
One organism benefits, one organism neither benefits nor is harmed
Commensalism
129
Staphylococcus is a type of _______ symbiotic association
Commensalism
130
Both organisms benefit from association
Mutualism
131
E.coli is an example of a _____ symbiotic relationship
Mutualistic
132
One organism benefits while the host is disrupted
Parasitic/Pathogenic
133
Two types of Parasitic/Pathogenic relationships are:
Opportunistic, Obligate
134
Anthrax is an example of a ______ symbiotic association
Parasitic/Pathogenic
135
A pathogen that causes disease when it enters a host is called
Opportunistic Pathogen
136
A pathogen that requires a host to fulfill its life cycle is called
Obligate Pathogen
137
Indigenous Microbiota are an example of
Commensals
138
Commensals can cause Opportunistic Infections when
Host defense mechanism is lowered (immunosuppressed, diabetic), Normal flora is disturbed (oral antibiotics), Change in natural habitat of the commensal (ex. Fusobacterium necrophorum)
139
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Anaerobic Gram-negative Bacteria, Commensal turned into Opportunistic when too much grain is given (results in acidosis of the Rumen)
140
Opportunistic Pathogen
A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or infects a host with a diminished immune status
141
Three functions of intestinal microbiome
Protection, Structural, Metabolic
142
Ruminants evolved
A large pre-gastric fermentation chamber (the Rumen)
143
Uropathogenic E.coli is an example of
Commensal turned Opportunistic Infection
144
5 Major Groups of Rumen Microorganisms are:
Bacteria (break down plant material into VFA), Protozoa (consume and ferment bacteria into VFA), Fungi (assist in fibre degradation), Archaea (produce methane), Bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria)
145
VFA is
Volatile Fatty Acid (primary source of energy in ruminants)
146
Negative Interactions of the rumen include
Predation, Pathogens, Competition for space and resources
147
Example of a Synergistic Interaction (cross feeding)
Cellulolytic bacteria
148
4 Functions of Escherichia coli include
Synthesis of vitamin K in intestine, blood clotting, breakdown of food, food absorption and waste processing
149
Injury to the host that impairs the function of host tissue
Disease
150
Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host
Infection
151
The response of the host tissue to injury or infection (ie. infiltration of tissue with WBCs, redness, swelling, pain)
Inflammation
152
Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread
Invasiveness
153
An organism that causes harm to the host
Pathogen
154
The degree/severity of a disease
Virulence
155
Mechanism of infection/by which the disease develops
Pathogenesis
156
Adhesins
Allows attachment to the host (ex. Fimbriae, pili, surface proteins)
157
Two types of toxins include
Exotoxins, Endotoxins
158
What is the purpose of Exotoxins
Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel
159
2 Examples of pathogens with exotoxins include
Botulism, Cholera
160
5 types of Exotoxins
Cytotoxins, Haemolysins, Proteases, Phospholipases, Leukocidins
161
Examples of Endotoxins include
LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock
162
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) release the neurotoxin Botulinum toxin, which prevents
Release of acetylcholine from synapse, resulting in paralysis and death
