Fungi Flashcards
The six kingdoms are
-fungi
-animalia
-plantae
-eubacteria
-protista
-archaebacteria
Fungi are
Multicellular eukaryotes in the Opisthokont clade
Fungi are more closely related to _____ than ____
Animals ; plants
Opisthokonta contain a
Posterior flagella
Ancestor of fungi was
Aquatic, single celled, flagellated protist
Fungi feed by
Absorption
Heterotrophs
Depend on outside nutrient sources
Fungi are similar to plants because both have
Rigid cell wall
Unlike plants the cell wall of Fungi are made of
Chitin
Fungi produce
Spores
Fungal spores require ______ to stimulate growth
Moisture
Hyphae
Branching extensions that grow from the spore. Designed to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Budding
Replication method used by single cell fungi / yeast
All energy of fungi goes into
Extension of hyphae
Mesophilic
Preferred temp range is 20-40 C
Typical fungal structure of eukaryotic cell includes (6):
-cell wall made of chitin
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-mitochondria
-nucleus
-vacuole
Cell wall of fungi is made of ____ (4) and its functions are (3)
-made of chitin, glucans, mannans, and glycoproteins
-rigidity
-osmotic stability
-secretion of enzymes
Cell membrane of fungi is
-bilayered
-predominately ergosterol
Mycelium
- threads-like mat of entwining hyphae
- “roots” of the greater fungal body
Two basic cell arrangements of Fungi are
-multicellular branching (hyphae)
-single cell (yeast) —> budding
Pseudohyphae and an example
- elongated chains of cells (similar to hyphae) produced when budding
- not true hyphae
- some yeasts, Candida albicans
Septum
- Cross walls that divide hyphae into compartments (not all fungi have!)
Network of hyphae is called
Mycelium
Reproduction of fungi is
Asexual (80% of the time) and Sexual (when genetic variation is being introduced)
Most of the time fungi reproduce
Asexually
Fungi sexual reproduction consists of three steps:
- Plasmogamy —> fusion of haploid cells from two different mycelia
- Karyogamy —> zygote is produced
- Meiosis —> spores are formed
Fungi sexual reproduction often occurs
In response to adverse environment conditions
Teleomorph
Sexual stage of fungi
Anamorph
Asexual stage of fungi
Nomenclature of fungi depends on
Lifecycle (reproductive) stage
Six divisions of Fungi are
-Chytridiomycota
-Zygomycota
-Glomeromycota
-Basidiomycota
-Ascomycota
-Deuteromycota / Fungi Imperfecti
Fruiting body
- Visible part of fungi
- contains spores
Chytridiomycota
- oldest division of fungi
- live in aquatic environments
- affect marine life
Zygomycota
- found in soil
- decaying material ie. mould
Glomeromycota
- breakdown of soil
- can cause crop disease
Basidiomycota
-mushrooms
Ascomycota
- yeasts
Deuteromycota / Fungi Imperfecti
-“other” category
-becoming smaller as we learn more about fungi
Easiest way to classify fungi is through
Morphology
Morphology of fungi can be one of three
-multicellular microscopic fruiting bodies (ie. moulds)
-multicellular macroscopic fruiting bodies (ie. mushrooms)
-single celled (ie. yeasts)
Dimorphic
Fungi that can be yeast like in one environment then change to hyphae growth in another environment
Ex. Candida
Moulds
Multicellular filamentous fungi that form microscopic fruiting bodies
Mushrooms
Multicellular filamentous fungi that form macroscopic fruiting bodies
Yeasts
Single celled fungi that reproduce by budding (looks similar to bacterial binary fission)
Exoenzymes
Enzymes released by fungi into surroundings which break down molecules to be absorbed
Mycorrhizae
Intimate association Fungi have with most plants (without fungi, these plant species wouldn’t grow well)
Ways Fungi are essential to the environment
-many symbiotic relationships (mycorrhizae)
-recycle nutrients
-digest non-living organic material
-secretion of a range of exoenzymes
-animal welfare (ie. penicillin)
Mycosis
Disease caused by fungi (especially in immunocompromised patients)
Three ways Fungi cause disease
- Invasive pathogen
- Producing a toxin that is ingested / absorbed
- Producing a hypersensitivity or an allergy Example: Aspergillus
Dermatophytes
Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails
Can be:
-geophillic
-zoophilic
-anthropophilic
Dermatophytes are part of the phylum:
Ascomycota
Malassezia pachydermatis
Most common cause of otitis externa and dermatitis
SQ Mycoses
- subcutanous
- Fungal infections beneath the skin
- Example: Sporotrichosis
2 Types of fruiting bodies + example of each
- spores are not contained (Aspergillus)
- sporangiospores are contained in sporangium (Mucor)
Sporangium contains
Sporangiospores
Define geophilic
Soil loving fungi that occasionally cause human or animal infections
Define zoonotic
A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
Define anthropophilic
Fungi that primarily causes skin infections on HUMANS
- (dermatophytes) such as ring worm
