- threads-like mat of entwining hyphae - "roots" of the greater fungal body

- Cross walls that divide hyphae into compartments (not all fungi have!)

Fungi Flashcards by Lorelei George

The six kingdoms are

-fungi
-animalia
-plantae
-eubacteria
-protista
-archaebacteria

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Fungi are

Multicellular eukaryotes in the Opisthokont clade

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Fungi are more closely related to _____ than ____

Animals ; plants

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Opisthokonta contain a

Posterior flagella

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Ancestor of fungi was

Aquatic, single celled, flagellated protist

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Fungi feed by

Absorption

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Heterotrophs

Depend on outside nutrient sources

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Fungi are similar to plants because both have

Rigid cell wall

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Unlike plants the cell wall of Fungi are made of

Chitin

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Fungi produce

Spores

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Fungal spores require ______ to stimulate growth

Moisture

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Hyphae

Branching extensions that grow from the spore. Designed to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

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Budding

Replication method used by single cell fungi / yeast

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All energy of fungi goes into

Extension of hyphae

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Mesophilic

Preferred temp range is 20-40 C

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Typical fungal structure of eukaryotic cell includes (6):

-cell wall made of chitin
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-mitochondria
-nucleus
-vacuole

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Cell wall of fungi is made of ____ (4) and its functions are (3)

-made of chitin, glucans, mannans, and glycoproteins
-rigidity
-osmotic stability
-secretion of enzymes

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Cell membrane of fungi is

-bilayered
-predominately ergosterol

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Mycelium

threads-like mat of entwining hyphae
“roots” of the greater fungal body

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Two basic cell arrangements of Fungi are

-multicellular branching (hyphae)
-single cell (yeast) —> budding

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Pseudohyphae and an example

elongated chains of cells (similar to hyphae) produced when budding
not true hyphae
some yeasts, Candida albicans

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Septum

Cross walls that divide hyphae into compartments (not all fungi have!)

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Network of hyphae is called

Mycelium

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Reproduction of fungi is

Asexual (80% of the time) and Sexual (when genetic variation is being introduced)

Most of the time fungi reproduce

Asexually

Fungi sexual reproduction consists of three steps:

1. Plasmogamy —> fusion of haploid cells from two different mycelia 2. Karyogamy —> zygote is produced 3. Meiosis —> spores are formed

Fungi sexual reproduction often occurs

In response to adverse environment conditions

Teleomorph

Sexual stage of fungi

Anamorph

Asexual stage of fungi

Nomenclature of fungi depends on

Lifecycle (reproductive) stage

Six divisions of Fungi are

-Chytridiomycota -Zygomycota -Glomeromycota -Basidiomycota -Ascomycota -Deuteromycota / Fungi Imperfecti

Fruiting body

- Visible part of fungi - contains spores

Chytridiomycota

- oldest division of fungi - live in aquatic environments - affect marine life

Zygomycota

- found in soil - decaying material ie. mould

Glomeromycota

- breakdown of soil - can cause crop disease

Basidiomycota

-mushrooms

Ascomycota

- yeasts

Deuteromycota / Fungi Imperfecti

-“other” category -becoming smaller as we learn more about fungi

Easiest way to classify fungi is through

Morphology

Morphology of fungi can be one of three

-multicellular microscopic fruiting bodies (ie. moulds) -multicellular macroscopic fruiting bodies (ie. mushrooms) -single celled (ie. yeasts)

Dimorphic

Fungi that can be yeast like in one environment then change to hyphae growth in another environment Ex. Candida

Moulds

Multicellular filamentous fungi that form microscopic fruiting bodies

Mushrooms

Multicellular filamentous fungi that form macroscopic fruiting bodies

Yeasts

Single celled fungi that reproduce by budding (looks similar to bacterial binary fission)

Exoenzymes

Enzymes released by fungi into surroundings which break down molecules to be absorbed

Mycorrhizae

Intimate association Fungi have with most plants (without fungi, these plant species wouldn’t grow well)

Ways Fungi are essential to the environment

-many symbiotic relationships (mycorrhizae) -recycle nutrients -digest non-living organic material -secretion of a range of exoenzymes -animal welfare (ie. penicillin)

Mycosis

Disease caused by fungi (especially in immunocompromised patients)

Three ways Fungi cause disease

1. Invasive pathogen 2. Producing a toxin that is ingested / absorbed 3. Producing a hypersensitivity or an allergy Example: Aspergillus

Dermatophytes

Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails Can be: -geophillic -zoophilic -anthropophilic

Dermatophytes are part of the phylum:

Ascomycota

Malassezia pachydermatis

Most common cause of otitis externa and dermatitis

SQ Mycoses

- subcutanous - Fungal infections beneath the skin - Example: Sporotrichosis

2 Types of fruiting bodies + example of each

- spores are not contained (Aspergillus) - sporangiospores are contained in sporangium (Mucor)

Sporangium contains

Sporangiospores

Define geophilic

Soil loving fungi that occasionally cause human or animal infections

Define zoonotic

A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans.

Define anthropophilic

Fungi that primarily causes skin infections on HUMANS - (dermatophytes) such as ring worm