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VETS1060 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Evolution explains both ____ and ___ of species

A

Unity and Diversity

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2
Q

Evolution is

A

A process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species

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3
Q

Three ways variation is evident in a population

A

-gross morphology (ie. structure of an organism)
-physiology of individuals
-gene sequences

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4
Q

Natural variations are generated at the ___________ by _____

A

Molecular Level; Mutations

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5
Q

Define mutation

A

Generation of new genetic material by mistakes during the copying of DNA strand(s) that alter nucleic acid sequence

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6
Q

Carl Linnaeus developed a classification scheme called

A

Taxonomy

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7
Q

Taxonomy involves

A

Describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms

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8
Q

Ranking of life forms into groups is called a

A

Taxa

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9
Q

How do you write binomial nomenclature

A

Genus name, species name (in italics)

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10
Q

What is the hierarchy of Taxa (from least inclusive to most)

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

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11
Q

A “species” is defined as a group of organisms:

A

-capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
-with similar genetic identity or morphology

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12
Q

Five ways we can identify species

A

-morphology
-ecology
-geographic distribution
-biochemistry/physiology
-nucleic acid sequence

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13
Q

Dichotomy is

A

A division into two especially mutually exclusive or contradictory groups or entities

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14
Q

Dichotomous Keys are based on

A

Morphological characteristics of organisms (presence/absence, number, shape, distribution)

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15
Q

What are pros and cons to Dichotomy?

A

Pros: it is parsimonious (simple and works)
Cons: ignores the TRUE relationship of organisms

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16
Q

What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous? Give an example of each

A

Homologous Structures: share common ancestral origin
-humans and bats
Analogous Structures: share a common function
-bats and birds

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17
Q

Legs of arthropods and vertebrates have a similar function BUT they arose from different ancestors. This is called

A

Analogy

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18
Q

Phylogeny is

A

The study of evolutionary history of species

19
Q

The Terminal Taxa of the Phylogenetic Tree shows

A

A living species or fossil

20
Q

Chromosomes contain

21
Q

What is a genetic similarity in ALL living organisms?

A

DNA replication and protein synthesis

22
Q

______ are the codes to life

23
Q

Genome

A

Total of all hereditary information in a cell

24
Q

Genes

A

Lengths of DNA that are transcribed to mRNA and translated to proteins

25
Q

Genetic Diversity comes from

A

Mutations within the genome

26
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an individual

27
Q

Two types of Mutations

A

-Defective Chromosomes
-Point Mutations

28
Q

Defective Chromosomes

A

Type of mutation through rearrangement, recombination, or insertion/deletion within genome

29
Q

Point Mutation

A

Type of mutation in genetic code by nucleotide base substitutions or insertion/deletion

30
Q

Two causes of mutations

A

-Endogenous (occurring within cell)
-Exogenous (occurring outside of cell)

31
Q

Endogenous Mutation

A

Spontaneous mutation due to normal cellular division or cell metabolism by products

32
Q

Exogenous

A

Cause of mutation by chemicals, radiation, transposable elements, or viruses

33
Q

Mutations are only heritable if it occurs in

A

Germinal Tissues (ie. sperm/ova)

34
Q

Mutations can result in:

A

-no change in protein function (synonymous mutation)
-changed protein function leading to a new phenotype
-loss of protein function leading to a new phenotype or disease

35
Q

Synonymous Mutation

A

Mutation in DNA or RNA code resulting in no change to protein function

36
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Gives populations the ability to respond to different environments and adapt to changing conditions

37
Q

Natural Selection

A

-mechanism of evolution
-organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive / pass down the genes, causing the species to change and diverge over time

38
Q

Four factors affecting Genetic Diversity (and their effect)

A
  • Mutations (increase diversity)
  • Gene flow (migration = increase or decrease)
  • natural selection (decreased diversity)
  • Random Genetic Drift (increase or decrease)
39
Q

Two types of Random Genetic Drifts

A

-Bottlenecks
-Founder Effects

40
Q

Bottleneck

A

-type of random genetic drift (decreases diversity)
- occurs after predation or catastrophic event
- significantly decreases variation in the gene pool

41
Q

Founder Effect

A

-type of genetic drift (decreases diversity)
-new small population arising from original one

42
Q

Three Domains

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
43
Q

Five Kingdoms

A
  1. Monera (Bacteria and Archaea)
  2. Protista
  3. Plantae
  4. Fungi
  5. Animalia

VETS1060 (10 decks)

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