Evolution

Question 1

Biological Evolution explains both ____ and ___ of species

Answer 1

Unity and Diversity

Question 2

Evolution is

Answer 2

A process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species

Question 3

Three ways variation is evident in a population

Answer 3

-gross morphology (ie. structure of an organism)
-physiology of individuals
-gene sequences

Question 4

Natural variations are generated at the ___________ by _____

Answer 4

Molecular Level; Mutations

Question 5

Define mutation

Answer 5

Generation of new genetic material by mistakes during the copying of DNA strand(s) that alter nucleic acid sequence

Question 6

Carl Linnaeus developed a classification scheme called

Answer 6

Taxonomy

Question 7

Taxonomy involves

Answer 7

Describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms

Question 8

Ranking of life forms into groups is called a

Answer 8

Taxa

Question 9

How do you write binomial nomenclature

Answer 9

Genus name, species name (in italics)

Question 10

What is the hierarchy of Taxa (from least inclusive to most)

Answer 10

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

Question 11

A “species” is defined as a group of organisms:

Answer 11

-capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
-with similar genetic identity or morphology

Question 12

Five ways we can identify species

Answer 12

-morphology
-ecology
-geographic distribution
-biochemistry/physiology
-nucleic acid sequence

Question 13

Dichotomy is

Answer 13

A division into two especially mutually exclusive or contradictory groups or entities

Question 14

Dichotomous Keys are based on

Answer 14

Morphological characteristics of organisms (presence/absence, number, shape, distribution)

Question 15

What are pros and cons to Dichotomy?

Answer 15

Pros: it is parsimonious (simple and works)
Cons: ignores the TRUE relationship of organisms

Question 16

What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous? Give an example of each

Answer 16

Homologous Structures: share common ancestral origin
-humans and bats
Analogous Structures: share a common function
-bats and birds

Question 17

Legs of arthropods and vertebrates have a similar function BUT they arose from different ancestors. This is called

Answer 17

Analogy

Question 18

Phylogeny is

Answer 18

The study of evolutionary history of species

Question 19

The Terminal Taxa of the Phylogenetic Tree shows

Answer 19

A living species or fossil

Question 20

Chromosomes contain

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

What is a genetic similarity in ALL living organisms?

Answer 21

DNA replication and protein synthesis

Question 22

______ are the codes to life

Answer 22

Genes

Question 23

Genome

Answer 23

Total of all hereditary information in a cell

Question 24

Genes

Answer 24

Lengths of DNA that are transcribed to mRNA and translated to proteins

Question 25

Genetic Diversity comes from

Answer 25

Mutations within the genome

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

Observable characteristics of an individual

Question 27

Two types of Mutations

Answer 27

-Defective Chromosomes -Point Mutations

Question 28

Defective Chromosomes

Answer 28

Type of mutation through rearrangement, recombination, or insertion/deletion within genome

Question 29

Point Mutation

Answer 29

Type of mutation in genetic code by nucleotide base substitutions or insertion/deletion

Question 30

Two causes of mutations

Answer 30

-Endogenous (occurring within cell) -Exogenous (occurring outside of cell)

Question 31

Endogenous Mutation

Answer 31

Spontaneous mutation due to normal cellular division or cell metabolism by products

Question 32

Exogenous

Answer 32

Cause of mutation by chemicals, radiation, transposable elements, or viruses

Question 33

Mutations are only heritable if it occurs in

Answer 33

Germinal Tissues (ie. sperm/ova)

Question 34

Mutations can result in:

Answer 34

-no change in protein function (synonymous mutation) -changed protein function leading to a new phenotype -loss of protein function leading to a new phenotype or disease

Question 35

Synonymous Mutation

Answer 35

Mutation in DNA or RNA code resulting in no change to protein function

Question 36

Genetic Diversity

Answer 36

Gives populations the ability to respond to different environments and adapt to changing conditions

Question 37

Natural Selection

Answer 37

-mechanism of evolution -organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive / pass down the genes, causing the species to change and diverge over time

Question 38

Four factors affecting Genetic Diversity (and their effect)

Answer 38

- Mutations (increase diversity) - Gene flow (migration = increase or decrease) - natural selection (decreased diversity) - Random Genetic Drift (increase or decrease)

Question 39

Two types of Random Genetic Drifts

Answer 39

-Bottlenecks -Founder Effects

Question 40

Bottleneck

Answer 40

-type of random genetic drift (decreases diversity) - occurs after predation or catastrophic event - significantly decreases variation in the gene pool

Question 41

Founder Effect

Answer 41

-type of genetic drift (decreases diversity) -new small population arising from original one

Question 42

Three Domains

Answer 42

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

Question 43

Five Kingdoms

Answer 43

1. Monera (Bacteria and Archaea) 2. Protista 3. Plantae 4. Fungi 5. Animalia