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Deuterostomes Flashcards

1
Q

Key characteristics of deuterostomes

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Coelom – derived from mesoderm
  • Radial cleavage during embryonic development
  • Blastopore, anus
  • Two phyla (Echinodermata and Chordata)
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2
Q

What are the two phyla of deuterostomia

A
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Chordata
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3
Q

Examples of Echinodermata

A
  • Starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers & brittle stars
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4
Q

True or false; most Echinodermata are sessile marine animals

A

True

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5
Q

Characteristics of Echinodermata

A
  • Endoskeleton of interlocking CaCO3
    (calcareous) plates & spines
  • Covered by a thin epithelium
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6
Q

What type of vascular system do Echinodermata have?

A
  • A network of water-filled canals
  • These branch to form tube feet used for locomotion & feeding
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7
Q

What type of reproduction do Echinodermata use?

A

Sexual reproduction;
- release gametes into the water
- spawning

Asexual reproduction;
- autotomy
- shed arm (“comet”) which forms a new individual

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8
Q

What are the 5 classes of Echinodermata?

A
  1. Asteroidea
  2. Echinoidea
  3. Ophiuroidea
  4. Crinoidea
  5. Holothuroidea
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9
Q

Asteroidea include:

A

Starfish & sea daisies

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10
Q

Echinoidea include:

A

Sea urchins

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11
Q

Ophiuroidea include:

A
  • Brittle stars
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12
Q

Crinoidea include:

A
  • Sea lilies & feather stars
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13
Q

Holothuroidea inlcude:

A
  • Sea cucumbers
  • important aquaculture
    species
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14
Q

Subphyla of chordata

A
  1. Vertebrata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Urochordata
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15
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata includes:

A
  • Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds &
    mammals
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16
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata includes:

A
  • Amphioxus sp
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17
Q

Subphylum Urochordata includes:

A
  • Sea squirts
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18
Q

Defining features of Chordata

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharyngeal slits
  3. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  4. Muscular, post-anal tail
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19
Q

True or false; all chordates have all 4 defining characteristics at any point in time

A

False; they may be present only briefly during embryonic development, or they may persist into the adult, but all chordates exhibit them at some point

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20
Q

Notochord

A
  • Slender rod
  • Develops from the mesoderm
  • Lies dorsal to the coelom (body cavity)
  • Beneath, & parallel to, the central nervous system
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21
Q

What does the notochord consist of?

A
  • A core of cells & fluid, surrounded
    by a fibrous sheath
  • Has the mechanical properties of an elastic rod
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22
Q

What is the purpose of the notochord?

A
  • Allows locomotion through lateral undulations
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23
Q

Pharyngeal Slits

A
  • Longitudinal series of openings in walls of the pharynx
  • Found in primitive chordates, such as Amphioxus
  • Involved in feeding
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24
Q

Pharyngeal Slits in terrestrial vertebrates

A
  • Initially present in the embryo
  • Eventually lost during embryogenesis
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25
Notochord in bony fish & terrestrial vertebrates
- Present during embryonic development - Replaced by the vertebral column - Persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
26
Pharyngeal Slits in aquatic vertebrates
- Gills develop adjacent to pharyngeal slits - Slits allow for flow of water across gills
27
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
- Derived from the ectoderm - Lies above the gut - Is hollow - Surrounds the fluid-filled neurocoel
28
Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
- Posterior elongation of the body beyond the anus - Consists of segmental musculature & the notochord
29
Subphylum Cephalochordata
- The earliest chordates - Fossils date to the Cambrian period - Occur worldwide in temperate & tropical seas
30
Living example of Subphylum Cephalochordata
- Branchiostoma - amphioxus
31
Branchiostoma - amphioxus
- Blade-like in shape - Possesses all 4 chordate features in adult - Lives with posterior end buried in the sand - Anterior end exposed to water currents - Filter feed - Ciliated pharynx - Mucous nets across slits
32
Importance of the Cephalochordata digestive system
- May be a precursor of vertebrate organs
33
Importance of the Cephalochordata circulatory system
- Has the same general patterns as that of most vertebrates - NO heart
34
Importance of the Cephalochordata "brain"
- Shares homology with the vertebrate brain - No differentiated brain, just a cluster of cells at anterior end of nerve cord
35
Subphylum Urochordata
- Are all marine - Display the four chordate characteristics only as larvae
36
Living example of Subphylum Urochordata
- Tunicates - Ascidiacea
37
Central nervous system of Urochordates
Has 3 divisions: 1. Sensory vesicle 2. Visceral ganglion 3. Nerve cord
38
Sensory vesicle of Urochordate CNS
- Ocellus – photoreceptive organ - Otolith – gravity-sensitive
39
Visceral ganglion of Urochordate CNS
- Sends nerve tracts to musculature - Receives sensory nerves from tail
40
Nerve cord of Urochordate CNS
- Ciliated ependymal cells around neurocoel
41
Neural crest cells in Urochordates
- In vertebrate embryo, derived from nerve cord - Differentiate into different cell types including pigment cells
42
Other features of Urochordates
- Rudimentary heart - Blood
43
Craniata evolved from... and are
- Choardates - Are chordates with a head (cranium) - More complex movement & feeding
44
What is the unique characteristic of Craniata?
The neural crest
45
What is the neural crest?
A population of cells that give rise to many structures (teeth, bone, neurons...)
46
What did pharyngeal slits give rise to in aquatic Craniates?
Gill slits
47
Living example of Craniata
Hagfishes
48
Characteristics of Hagfishes
- Cartilaginous skull - Lack jaws & vertebrae - Retain the notochord in the adult - Feed on detritis - Produce mucous as a defense
49
Vertebrata evolved from...
Craniates
50
Living example of Vertebrata
Lampreys
51
Characteristics of Lampreys
- Cartilaginous skeleton - Lack jaws but have rasping tongue & teeth - Retain the notochord in the adult - Primitive vertebrae enclose notochord
52
What was one of the most significant steps in early vertebrate evolution?
The development of jaws in primitive fishes
53
What do Gnathostomes symbolise?
The transition from suspension feeding of the agnathans (hagfish & lampreys) to selective feeding
54
Characteristics of Gnathostomes
- Paired pectoral & pelvic fins - Two lines of evolution
55
What are the two lines of evolution of Gnathostomes?
1. Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) 2. Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
56
Characteristics of class Chondrichthyes
- Cartilaginous fishes - Cartilaginous vertebral column replaces notochord - Lack a swim bladder - Large livers contain a large proportion of oil - Pectoral fins provide lift - Placoid scales (dentine & enamel) that project through the epidermis - Internal fertilisation (males have clasper on pelvic fin) - Oviparous and viviparous
57
Living examples of Chondrichthyes
- Sharks, rays & relatives
58
Define Oviparous
Animals that produce young by means of eggs which are hatched after they have been laid by the parent
59
Define viviparous
Animals that bring forth live young which have developed inside the body of the parent.
60
Characteristics of class Osteichthyes
- Bony fishes - Scales develop in the dermis and do not penetrate the epidermis - Buoyancy controlled by a swim bladder - External fertilisation
61
Subclasses of Osteichthyes
1. Actinopterygii 2. Sarcopterygii
62
Subclass Actinopterygii
- Ray-finned fishes (trout, eels) and Sturgeons - Fins supported by numerous endoskeletal rays - Muscles that control the fins are within the body
63
Subclass Sarcopterygii
- Lungfishes & the coelacanth - Fleshy fins composed of soft muscles
64
Sturgeons
- Largest species of freshwater fishes - Some migrate between fresh water & marine habitats - Toothless - Live to ~100 yrs - Reach sexual maturity ~20 yrs
65
Three types of lungfishes
1. Neoceratodus (Qld) 2. Protopterus (Africa) 3. Lepidosiren (Sth America)
66
Defining characteristics of lungfishes
- Can breathe air when O2 levels in water fall or when pools dry out - Have a prominent notochord
67
Coelacanth
Thought to have become extinct until specimen found in 1938 off southern Africa - Vertebrae tiny - Notochord especially well developed - Possess a swim bladder filled with fat - Lobe fins used to support & position fish in currents

VETS1060 (19 decks)

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