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Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Ediacaran biota (ē′-dē-uh-keh′-run bī-ō′-tuh)

A

An early group of multicellular eukaryotes that are:
1. macroscopic
2. mostly soft-bodied
3. known from fossils that range in age from 635 million to 541 million years old.

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2
Q

Ventral

A

An animal with bilateral symmetry on the underside or front (in animals with upright posture) of the body.

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3
Q

Anterior

A

The front or head of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

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4
Q

Triploblastic

A

Possessing three germ layers:
1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm

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5
Q

All bilaterian animals are ___

A

triploblastic.

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6
Q

Acoelomate (uh-se-lo-mat)

A

A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

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7
Q

Body cavity

A

A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

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8
Q

Bilaterian (bī′-luh-ter′-ē-uhn)

A

A member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.

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9
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

A relatively brief time in geological history when many present-day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535–525 million years ago and saw the emergence of the first large

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10
Q

Metamorphosis

A

A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature.

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11
Q

Blastula

A

A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals.

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12
Q

Diploblastic

A

Having two germ layers.

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13
Q

Lophophore (lof′-uh-fōr)

A

A crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding in some lophotrochozoan animals including brachiopods

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

The top or back (in animals with upright posture) of the body of animals with bilateral symmetry.

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15
Q

Posterior

A

The rear or tail end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

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16
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

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17
Q

Coelom (sē′-lōm)

A

A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm.

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18
Q

Pseudocoelomate (sū′-dō-sē∙-lō-māt)

A

An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm.

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19
Q

Deuterostome development (dū′-tuh-rō-stōm′)

A

A developmental mode in animals distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterised by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue.

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20
Q

Ecdysozoa (ek′-dē-sō-zō′-uh)

A

One of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals; many ecdysozoans are moulting animals.

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21
Q

Gastrulation (gas′-trū-lā′-shun)

A
  1. Developmental stage in animals
  2. A series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inwards to produce a three-layered embryo known as the gastrula.
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22
Q

Gastrula (gas′-trū-luh)

A

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm

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23
Q

Mesoderm (mez′-ō-derm)

A

The middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo which develops into;
- the notochord
- the lining of the coelom
- muscles
- skeleton
- gonads
- kidneys
- most of the circulatory system

24
Q

Larva

A

A free-living and sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology

25
Eumetazoan
A member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
26
Archenteron (ar-ken′-tuh-ron)
The endoderm-lined cavity formed during gastrulation that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
27
Blastopore (blas′-tō-pōr)
The opening of the archenteron in a gastrula that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.
28
Coelomate (sē∙-lō-māt)
An animal that possesses a true coelom.
29
Bilateral symmetry
Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two *equal but opposite halves.*
30
Endoderm
- The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos - Lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures.
31
Determinate cleavage
A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
32
Radial cleavage
Embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo and align one above the other.
33
Trochophore larva (trō′-kuh-fōr)
Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals (including some annelids and molluscs)
34
Body plan
A set of morphological and developmental traits in multicellular eukaryotes that are integrated into a functional whole—the living organism.
35
Deuterostomia (dū′-tuh-rō-stōm′-ē-uh)
One of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals.
36
What are the three main lineages of bilaterian animals?
1. Ecdysozoa 2. Lophotrochozoa 3. Deuterostomia
37
Spiral cleavage
A type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. The cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.
38
Lophotrochozoa (lo-phah′-truh-kō-zō′-uh)
- One of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals; lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. - Radial symmetry
39
Invertebrate
An animal without a backbone. Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species.
40
Ectoderm (ek′-tō-durm)
- The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; - Gives rise to the outer covering and the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye.
41
Protostome development
A developmental mode in animals distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterised by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split.
42
Progression of the colonial choanoflagellate to the first animal
1. Aggregate (colony) of identical cells 2. Some cells become specialised e.g. for reproduction 3. Cells form layers by infolding 4. “Protoanimal” with simple digestive cavity
43
What was the oldest animal fossils and how old are they?
Ediacaran fauna – approx. 575 Mya
44
When is it suggested that animals first arose?
Molecular clock evidence suggest animals arose as early as 850 million to 1.2 billion years ago
45
In what form were early animals and where were they found?
Marine; Ediacara Hills (South Australia), China- embryo-like forms in similar strata, Canada -850 mya
46
Characteristics of Metazoa (Animals):
1. Multicellular 2. Have cellular differentiation 3. Cell to cell cooperation 4. Are all ingestive, heterotrophic 5. Motile (Spontaneous movement) 6. Are homeostatic 7. Have meiosis at reproduction (diploidy) 8. Have an embryonic stage
47
What are the sources of evidence for animal phylogenetic relationships?
- comparative morphology (shape) of forms – Comparisons of their embryology, – fossil record – molecular sequence alignments
48
Cnidarians have __ germ layers and are therefore _____
2; diploblastic
49
Bilateria have __ germ layers and are therefore _____
3; triploblastic
50
How many germ layers do poriferans have?
1
51
Advantage to having 2 germ layers opposed to 1
Allows for tissue level organisation
52
Advantage to having 3 germ layers opposed to 2
- Great diversification in body form - Triploblastic development correlates with greater body complexity and formation of many different body organs
53
What parts of a mammal make up the endoderm?
- Lining of GI tract - Respiratory tubes - Liver - Pancreas
54
What parts of a mammal make up the mesoderm?
- Kidneys - Gonads - Circulatory system - Muscles - Notochord - Body cavity
55
What parts of a mammal make up the ectoderm?
- Skin - Hair - Nails - Mouth lining - Tooth enamel - Brain - Nerves - Peripheral nerves
56
What does lophotrochozoa mean
Features of the mouth
57

VETS1060 (19 decks)

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