Eukaryotes Flashcards
Eukaryotes have
Many subcellular components (organoids) bound by an internal plasma membrane
Primary feature of Eukaryotes is that
Their primary nuclear material (DNA) is bound within a membrane (Nuclear Envelope)
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane that contains DNA
6 Main differences of Eukaryotic cells compared to Prokaryotic cells
- greater size
- nucleus is present with linear chromosomes
- histones are present
- membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
- flagella complexity
- cell wall structure differs (no capsule present)
Multicellular Eukaryotes include
- plants
- fungi
- animals
Histones
Proteins that bind DNA for regulation
Which Eukaryotes have a cell wall?
- plants
- fungi (composed of chitin)
Epithelial Cell Junctions
Adhesion structures and molecules within external membrane that keep everything in place (animals only)
5 Features of a Eukaryotic Cell
- membrane bound organelles
- nucleus
- protein histone for regulation of DNA organization
- complex genetic expression
- cytoskeleton containing Actin and Tubulin
Eukaryotic Cells contain 5 main types of organelles:
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cytoskeleton
- mitochondria and plastids
- chloroplasts (plants)
Structure and Function of the Nucleus (4)
- control centre of cell
- contains DNA (genetic material) in Chromosomes
- synthesises RNA (transcription)
- contains Histones (regulatory proteins that control how cells transcribe DNA)
Nucleus is surrounded by the
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane
Nucleolus
Part of the nucleus that makes ribosomes
What is the Cytoplasm? What are some components found in it?
Gel-like liquid that fills the cell
Components include:
- endomembrane system
- ribosomes
- cytoskeleton
- mitochondria and plasmids
- plasma membrane
- other inclusions
Three functions of the Cytoskeleton + what it contains (2)
- structure/shape
- movement of cell and within cell
- control of cell division
- contains Actin and Tubulin
Actin and Tubulin are found
In the Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic cells
Functions of Mitochondria
- powerhouse of cell
- generates ATP (energy)
- makes specialized proteins
- cell signalling, control of cell cycle
Mitochondria have their own
DNA that replicates
Chloroplasts
- in plants
- have their own DNA
- convert light energy into chemical energy
- a type of plastid
How do plant cells differ from animal cells? (4)
- cell wall
- plasmodesmata
- chloroplasts
- central vacuole
How do animal cells differ from plant cells?
Animal cells contain
- centrioles
- lysosomes
A Phylogenetic Tree is
A graphic representation of hypothetical origin of species or Taxa (groups of species) over time
Branch Point in Phylogenetic Tree
Shows the last common ancestor of taxa
Branches in Phylogenetic Tree represent
Divergence of species