Production of X-rays (Lec 3-4) Flashcards
1
Q
Label the following image:
A
a) control panel
b) control panel
c) PID
d) tube head
e) X-ray tube
f) power supply (generator)
g) extension arm
2
Q
The tube head head of the X-ray machine is made up of:
A
- X-ray tube
- Power supply (generator)
3
Q
What component of the X-ray machine does this image show?
A
Control panel
4
Q
What can be viewed/adjusted on the control panel?
A
- exposure time
- kVp selector
- mA selector
5
Q
What type of exposure button do we have on our control panels?
A
Dead-man type
6
Q
The _____ light & _____ signal must both be present on the control panel
A
Indicator light; audible signal
7
Q
Label the following components of the X-ray tube head
A
a) x-ray tube
b) step-down transformer
c) step-up transformer
d) cathode -
e) anode +
f) filament circuit
g) tube head seal
h) aluminum discs
i) lead collimator
j) position indicating device (PID)
k) unleaded glass window of x-ray tube
l) insulating oil
m) metal housing of x-ray tube head
8
Q
Label the following image:
A
a) tube head
b) PID
9
Q
Label the following image:
A
a) x-ray tube
b) yoke
c) oil
d) power supply
e) collimator
f) aiming cylinder
g) x-ray beam
h) aluminum filter
i) power supply
10
Q
List the important components of the X-ray tube head: (6)
A
- glass envelope
- insulating oil
- metal housing
- tube window
- aluminum filters
- lead collimator
11
Q
Label the following image:
A
a) filament & electron cloud
b) focal spot on tungsten target
c) glass envelope
d) vacuum
e) copper stem
f) anode +
g) useful x-ray beam
h) tube window
i) cathode -
j) electronic focusing cup
12
Q
The cathode contains:
A
- filament
- focusing cup
13
Q
The cathode filament is made of:
A
Tungsten
14
Q
What part of the cathode is made of tungsten?
A
Filament
15
Q
Source of electrons in the X-ray tube:
A
cathode filament
16
Q
Is heated with a low voltage source and emits electrons at a rate proportional to its temperature (thermionic emission):
A
Cathode filament
17
Q
The cathode filament is heated with a _____ voltage source, and emits ____ at a rate proportional to _____
A
low voltage source; electrons; its temperature
18
Q
The cathode filament emits electrons through:
A
Thermionic emission
19
Q
The cathode focusing cup is made of:
A
Molybdenum
20
Q
What is the charge of the cathode focusing cup?
A
Negatively charged
21
Q
Focuses the electrons into a narrow beam directed to the focal spot (+):
A
Cathode focusing cup
22
Q
The cathode focusing cup, focuses the electrons into a _____ directed to the _____
A
narrow beam; focal spot
23
Q
What is the charge of the focal spot?
A
+
24
Q
The anode contains:
A
- tungsten target
- copper stem
25
The tungsten target of the anode functions to:
Transforms the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into x-ray photons
26
Functions to transform the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into x-ray photons:
Anode tungsten target
27
Highly inefficient: produces 99% heat and 1% x-rays:
Anode tungsten target
28
Describe the efficiency of the anode tungsten target:
Highly inefficient: produces 99% heat and 1% x-rays
29
Works as a thermal conductor to remove the heat from the tungsten, avoiding target melting:
Anode copper stem
30
The anode copper stem works as a ____ to remove heat from the tungsten, avoiding _____
thermal conductor; target melting
31
Why is tungsten a good target material? (5):
1. high atomic number
2. high melting point
3. high thermal conductivity
4. low vapor pressure
5. cheap
32
What does the high atomic number of tungsten allow for?
efficient production of x-rays
33
Tungsten has a high melting point of ____, what does this allow for?
3422 celcius; to withstand the heat produced
34
What is the significance of the high thermal conductivity displayed by tungsten?
Allows it to dissipate the heat produced away from the target
35
The low vapor pressure of tungsten helps to:
maintain vacuum in the tube at high temperatures
36
Conditions necessary for x-ray production include: (4)
1. separation of electrons
2. production of high-speed electrons
3. concentration of electrons
4. sudden stoppage of electron stream
37
What gives the energy to heat the filament?
The step-down transformer
38
Low voltage filament current heats the tungsten filament to incandescence with resultant:
Separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom (boiling off)
39
Low voltage filament current heats the tungsten filament to incandescence with resultants separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom (boiling off). This separation of electrons is called:
Thermionic emission
40
label the following image:
a) step-down transformer
b) 6-12 volts
c) focusing cup
d) tungsten filament
e) electron cloud
41
The ________ is produced between the cathode and anode by applying a high voltage between them
High potential difference
42
The high potential difference between the cathode and anode contributes to the:
production of high speed electrons
43
The high potential difference is produced between the cathode and anode by:
applying a high voltage between them
44
By producing a high potential difference between the cathode and anode, the electrons are accelerated to approximately:
0.5 x the speed of light
45
What makes the potential difference between the anode and cathode sufficient enough to accelerate the electrons?
Step-up transformer
46
Label the following image:
a) 6-12 volts
b) 60k-90k volts
c) 60-90 kVp
d) 60k-90k volts
47
After the electrons are accelerated towards the target what occurs?
Concentration of electrons
48
The electron beam is focused by the ______ (_____ charge) and directed towards the ____
focusing cup (negative charge); focal spot
49
In what step is the electron beam focused by the focusing cup (negative charge) and directed towards the focal spot?
Concentration of electrons
50
Following the concentration of electrons, is the:
sudden stoppage of electron stream
51
X-rays are produced whenever high-speed electrons are suddenly _____ or brought to a stop when they pass close to the nuclei of a _____, such as _____
decelerated; high Z# absorbing material; Tungsten
52
What are the four basic steps to the production of an X-ray?
1. separation of electrons
2. production of high-speed electrons
3. concentration of electrons
4. sudden stoppage of electron stream
53
What step of X-ray production is being described below:
Low voltage filament current heats the tungsten filament to incandesce with resultant separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom ("boiling off")
1. separation of electrons
54
What step of X-ray production is being described below:
High potential difference is produced between the cathode and anode by applying high voltage between them
2. Production of high-speed electrons
55
What step of X-ray production is being described below:
Electron beam is focused by the focusing cup (negatively charged) and directed towards the focal spot (positively charged)
3. concentration of electrons
56
What step of X-ray production is being described below:
Upon striking the focal spot in the anode, the electron stream is stopped abruptly, and kinetic energy of the electron stream undergoes conversion to greater than 99% heat and less than 1% of radiation. Copper stem removes the heat from the tungsten
4. sudden stoppage of electron stream
57
The low voltage supply for the separation of electrons comes from the:
Step-down transformer
58
During the separation of electrons (step 1) the low voltage filament current, heats the tungsten filament to incandesce with resultant:
Separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom ("boiling off")
59
During the separation of electrons (step 1) the low voltage filament current, heat tungsten filament to incandesce with resultant separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom ("boiling off") this separation is called:
Thermionic emission
60
The separation of electrons is accomplished through:
Thermionic emission
61
During the production of high-speed electrons (step 2) the high potential difference is produced between:
The cathode and the anode
62
During the production high-speed electrons (step 2) the high potential difference produced between the cathode and anode occurs by:
Applying high voltage between them
63
During the concentration of electrons (step 3) the electron beam is focused by the _____
Focusing cup
64
Describe the charge of the focusing cup:
Negatively charged
65
During the concentration of electrons (step 3) the electron beam is focused by the focusing cup (negatively charged) and directed towards the:
Focal spot (positively charged)
66
During the sudden stoppage of electron stream (step 4) upon striking the focal spot in the anode, the electron stream is:
Stropped abruptly
67
During the sudden stoppage of electron stream (step 4) upon striking the focal spot in the anode, the electron stream is stopped abruptly and the kinetic energy of the electron stream undergoes conversion to:
Greater than 99% heat and less than 1% radiation
68
During the sudden stoppage of electron stream (step 4) what removes the heat from the tungsten?
Copper stem
69
During the sudden stoppage of electron stream (step 4) the copper stem removes the heat from:
Tungsten
70
Label the cathode and anode:
A) cathode
B) anode
71
What are the two main parts of the cathode?
1. filament
2. focusing cup
72
The filament of the cathode is made of:
Tungsten
73
The filament of the cathode is the:
Source of electrons
74
The filament of the cathode is heated with:
a low voltage source
75
The filament of the cathode is heated with a low voltage source and emits:
Emits electrons at a rate proportional to its temperature
76
The filament of the cathode is heated with a low voltage source and emits electrons at a rate proportional to its temperature. This is known as:
Thermionic emission
77
The focusing cup of the cathode is made of:
Molybdenum
78
What is the charge of the focusing cup of the cathode?
Negatively charged
79
Focuses electrons into a narrow beam directed to the focal spot (+):
Focusing cup of cathode
80
The focusing cup of the cathode focuses the electrons into a narrow beam directed to:
Focal spot (+)
81
What are the two main parts of the anode?
1. Tungsten target
2. copper stem
82
The tungsten target of the anode is responsible for:
Transforming the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into X-ray photons
83
Describe the efficiency of the tungsten target at transforming the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into X-ray photons:
Highly inefficient: produces 99% heat and 1% X-rays
84
Where are X-rays produced:
The tungsten target of the annode
85
Why is tungsten a good target material (anode): (4)
1. high atomic number
2. high melting point
3. high thermal conductivity
4. low vapor pressure
86
What is the function of the copper stem in the anode?
Works as a thermal conductor to remove the heat from the tungsten avoiding target melting/overheating
87
The copper stem in the anode works as a thermal conductor to remove heat from the tungsten, avoiding:
Target melting/overheating
88
What are the two ways to prevent overheating of the tungsten target:
1. stationary anode
2. rotating anode
89
Angling the target to achieve a smaller effective focal spot than the actual focal spot. Results in a sharper radiographic image:
Stationary anode
90
What type of image is the result of a stationary anode?
Sharper radiographic image
91
What principle is described by having a stationary anode?
Line focus principle
92
Projection of the focal spot, perpendicular to the target:
actual focal spot
93
Projection of the focal spot, perpendicular to the electron beam:
effective focal spot
94
The effective focal spot is always _____ than the actual focal spot
SMALLER
95
What is the purpose of a transformer?
Electromagnetic device that either increases or decreases the voltage in a circuit
96
Electromagnetic device that either increases or decreases the voltage in a circuit:
Transformer
97
What are the three types of a transformer?
1. step-down transformer (filament transformer)
2. step-up transformer (high voltage)
3. autotransformer
98
What transformer is used to heat the filament?
step-down transformer
99
what transformer converts 110 or 220 volts to 3-5 volts?
step-down transformer
100
The step-down transformer converts ____ volts to ____ volts
110 or 220 to 3-5
101
What transformer is involved in the low voltage ciruit?
step-down
102
The step-down transformer is regulated by the:
mA switch
103
What does increasing mA do to the step-down transformer?
Increasing mA increases the NUMBER of electrons emitted
104
What is powered by the step-down transformer?
Cathode
105
what transformer converts 110 or 220 volts to 60k to 100k volts?
step-up transformer
106
Why does the step-up transformer increase the voltage so substantially?
to move electrons across the tube (high voltage circuit)
107
What transformer is involved in the high voltage circuit?
step-up transformer
108
the step-up transformer is regulated by:
kVp setting
109
What does increasing the kVp setting do the step-up transformer?
Increases the ENERGY of electrons traveling from cathode to anode
110
The _____ is powered by the step-up transformer
anode
111
each half-cycle (1/120 of a second) the anode is positive and attracts electrons from the cathode:
x-radiation is produced
112
each alternate half cycle (1/120 of a second) the anode is negative and therefore there is no attraction for electrons:
no x-radiation is produced
113
x-radiation is produced when the anode is:
positive
114
no x-radiation is produced when the anode is:
negative
115
Wave of periods of producing and not producing x-rays:
Alternating current
116
the cathode and anode alternate between positive and negative which cause x-rays to be produced only half of the time:
Alternating current
117
During an alternating current, x-rays are produced:
half of the time
118
During an alternating current, cathode and anode alternate between:
positive and negative
119
current is always running in the same direction and always producing x-rays:
Direct current
120
Direct current keeps the:
cathode negative and anode positive
121
During a direct current, the current is always running in _____ and always producing _____
same direction; x-rays
122
Functions to decrease radiation dose and exposure time:
direct current/constant potential
123
Direct current/constant potential function to:
Decrease radiation dose and exposure time
124
Diamond that redirects alternating pathway/non-producing x-rays from the filament to the target anode (regardless of + or - ):
Rectifier
125
The rectifier (diamond) redirects alternating pathway/non-producing x-rays from the filament to the target anode regardless of:
+ or - charge
126
flow of electrons through an electrical conductor:
electricity
127
amount of electrons flowing through a conductor per second (measured in amperes A):
current
128
Path of electrical current:
circuit
129
Difference in electrical potential energy between two points in an electric circuit (measured in volts V)
voltage (potential difference)
130
Voltage is measure in:
Volts (V)
131
Current is measured in:
amperes (A)
132
Low voltage filament current heats the tungsten filament to incandescence with resultant separation of outer shell electrons from tungsten atom ("boiling off"):
Thermionic emission
133
Controls heating of the filament. This controls the number of electrons emitted and number of x-rays produced:
mA
134
Controls the acceleration/energy of electrons from cathode to anode:
kVp
135
How does mA affect x-ray production?
controls heating of the filament which controls the number of electrons emitted and the number of electrons produced
136
How kVp affect x-ray production?
Controls the acceleration/energy of electrons from cathode to anode
137
The voltage difference between the filament/cathode and target/anode:
kVp
138
Bremsstrahlung x-ray production desribes:
electron to nucleus interaction
139
High velocity electrons (directed towards target) either slow down or stop when they come close to the nucleus of the atoms and part of their energy is transferred as X-rays:
Bremsstrahlung X-ray production
140
Bremsstrahlung X-ray production is also known as:
Breaking radiation
141
According to Bremsstrahlung X-ray production, the high velocity electrons (directed towards the target) either ____ or ____ when they come close to the nucleus of atoms and part of their energy is transferred as _____
slow down; stop; x-rays
142
In Bremsstrahlung X-ray production, all electrons do not attain the same _____
Velocity
143
In Bremsstrahlung X-ray production, all electrons do not attain the same velocity, why is this?
Because of wide distribution of wavelengths (heterogenous)
144
What happens to electrons when they interact with Tungsten atoms in Bremsstrahlung X-ray production?
Electrons lose their energies in random fashions
145
In bremsstrahlung x-ray production, when an electron has a head on collosion with the nucleus, this causes:
Electron to stop producing a maximum energy photon
146
Bremsstrahlung spectrum is a _____ spectrum
Continuous emission
147
Bremsstrahlung spectrum is a continuous emission spectrum because Bremsstrahlung radiation:
1. Increases with increasing voltage and atomic number of the target
2. different energies of x-rays are emitted based on where the electron hits the nucleus
148
Bremsstrahlung spectrum is a continuous emission spectrum because Bremsstrahlung radiation _____ with increasing voltage and atomic number of the target
Increases
149
Bremsstrahlung spectrum is a continuous emission spectrum because different energies of x-rays are emitted based on:
Where the electron hits the nucleus
150
In Bremsstrahlung spectrum, maximum energy occurs when:
Electron hits nucleus and is stopped completely
151
The process of characteristic X-ray production involves _______ interaction
electron to electron
152
In _____ x-ray production, a few electrons interact with tungsten target orbital electrons, imparting enough energy to ionize the tungsten. This removes an electron from the orbit and immediately electron is filled from outer shell and energy is emitted:
Characteristic x-ray production
153
In characteristic x-ray production, the energy emitted by the electron is equivalent to:
The difference in the binding energies of the two shells/orbitals
154
Characteristic X-ray production:
L to K transition =
M to K transition =
L to K = 57,400 eV
M to K = 66,700 eV
155
Explain why characteristic radiation is called discrete radiation:
Discrete energy is imparted to the newly formed radiation which is "characteristic" of the atom type and orbital from which it came
156
_____% of the diagnostic x-ray beam is characteristic radiation while ____% is Bremsstrahlung radiation
30%
70%
157
The majority of the diagnostic x-ray beam is _____ radiation
Bremsstrahlung radiation (70%)
158
a rotating anode allows heat at the focal spot to spread out over:
a large surface area (dark band)
159
what type of anode is used in medical devices?
Rotating anode
160
determines the amount of time, the high voltage circuit is applied across the x-ray tube (amount of time the x-rays are produced):
exposure timer
161
delay of 1/2 second to heat the filament:
time delay circuit
162
actual time of exposure:
timing circuit
163
what three controls are on the control panel?
1. kV (kilovoltage)
2. mA (milliamperage)
3. exposure time
164
controls the acceleration of electrons from the cathode to the anode:
kV (kilovoltage)
165
controls heating of the filament:
mA (milliamperage)
166
controls the time in which x-rays are produced:
exposure time
