Panoramic Imaging Principles Flashcards
What are the indications for panoramic radiography? (7)
(evaluation of)
1. overall dentition
2. interosseous pathology (cysts, tumors, etc.)
3. TMJ
4. position of 3rd molars
5. dental development & eruption
6. dentomaxillofacial trauma
7. developmental disturbances or syndromes
List the advantages of panoramic radiography: (6)
- relatively low radiation dose (compared to FMX)
- broad coverage of facial bones & teeth
- easier technique
- can be used in patients with trismus or in patients who cannot tolerate intraoral radiographs (more comfortable & faster)
- quick & convenient radiographic technique
- useful visual aid in patient education
List the disadvantages of panoramic radiography: (6)
- lower resolution areas (not able to detect small carious lesions of early periodontal disease)
- overlap in premolar area
- magnification across image is equal making linear measurements unreliable
- image is superimposition of real, double & ghost images
- requires accurate patient positioning (technique sensitive)
- difficult to image both jaws when patient has severe maxillomandibular discrepancy (class III malocclusion specifically, patient cannot move mandible back to be in line with maxilla on bite block)
Because panoramic radiographs have lower resolution areas this does not allow for:
detection of small carious lesions or early periodontal disease
Where do we see overlap in panoramic radiographs?
premolar areas
Describe the magnification of panoramic images:
magnification across image is unequal so linear measurements are unreliable
Describe when a panoramic radiograph may not be indicated due to patient occlusion:
Class III malocclusion (patient cannot move mandible back to align with maxilla on bite stick)
(would need to obtain separate panoramic images of maxilla and mandible)
Label the following parts of the panoramic machine:
Blue: light/laser localizer (sagittal plane-center)
Orange: light/laser localizer (horizontal plane- frankfurt)
Yellow: bite block & handles for patient
Red: X-ray source & the tube inside it
Green: Head support/guides
Purple: receptor/sensor of pano machine
What type of panoramic machine does UMKC use?
Orthophos XG Sirona
Label the following parts of the panoramic machine: b
B- light/laser localizer (horizontal plane- Frankfurt)
C- light/laser localizer (sagittal plane- center)
F- head supports/guides
I- receptor/sensor
J- X-ray source & tube inside of it
K- bite block
M- handles for patient
When the X-ray source is on the right side, the ____ side is being imaged
left
When the X-ray source is on the left side, the ____ is being imaged
right
Describe the imaging technique of a panoramic machine:
Continuous movement imaging
Discuss the collimator location on a panoramic machine:
There is a collimator at both the exit of the source and the entrance of the receptor
In a panoramic machine, there are multiple ______ that are are constantly moving
Centers of rotation
Where does the X-ray source start in a panoramic radiograph?
Where does the X-ray source end in a panoramic radiograph?
Starts on the right
Ends on the left
Where does the X-ray source NEVER go in a panoramic radiograph?
NEVER goes in front of patient
When the source is in the back of the patient, where is the receptor?
In the front of the patient
Where is the head of the patient located at the start of the panoramic radiograph?
Between the receptor and the source
The first image that is created is the patients ______ because the X-ray source starts on the ____
left; right
What is closer to the receptor is what will be:
imaged
In this image, the X-ray source is on the _____ and the receptor is on the ____
At what point in time does this occur during a panoramic radiograph?
What is being imaged?
right; left
Beginning of panoramic radiograph
Imaging left
In this image, the X-ray source is:
At what point in time does this occur during a panoramic radiograph?
Where is the receptor located?
behind the patient
Mid panoramic radiograph
receptor is in front
In this image, the X-ray source is:
At what point in time does this occur during a panoramic radiograph?
Where is the receptor located?
What is being imaged?
left side of patient
End of panoramic radiograph
receptor is on the right side
imaging right
Instead of ______ receptors we now use _____ receptors
PSP/Film; CCD
What differs between the CCD receptors we use now vs. the PSP/Film receptors previously used:
CCD: Sensors will be sent to computer and then repeated, exposed on same spot of receptor
PSP/Film: receptors continuously expose different areas on one receptor
What type of receptor is being described:
Exposure of the same area over and over again and do not need a “new” portion of the receptor
CCD receptor
What type of receptor is being described:
receptors continuously expose different areas on one receptor
PSP/Film receptor
Area of focus:
Focal trough
Describe the focal trough:
An area of focus; a 3D curved zone in which structures are reasonable and well defined
Where is the focal trough narrower?
Anteriorly
Is where both dental arches must be positioned to achieve the sharpest images:
Focal trough
Structures placed in the ______ will result in the clearest image
center of focal trough
What may occur if objects are placed further from the focal trough?
Progressively less clear:
-blurred
-magnified
-reduced in size
-distorted
How can you ensure sharpness in a panoramic radiograph?
By having both mandibular and maxillary anteriors placed in blot groove
What does having both mandibular and maxillary anteriors placed in bite block groove ensure in panoramic radiograph?
Ensures sharpness of image
Beams are angulated approximately 4 degrees to avoid projection of:
thick occipital bone
To avoid the occipital bone, beams are angulated approximately:
4 degrees
_____ between the objects may not be accurate in a panoramic radiograph
spatial relationships