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Oral Radiology > Ionizing Radiation (Lec 2) > Flashcards

Ionizing Radiation (Lec 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the atom & the three main particles that make up the atom:

A

Atom is the basic unit of matter (matter is anything that has mass & occupies a space)

Include: protons, neutrons & electrons

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2
Q

Define atomic number (3):

A

Atomic number (Z)
-number of protons
-same as number of electrons in a neutral atom
-determines the identity in a neutral atom

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3
Q

Define mass number (2):

A

Mass number (A)
-number of protons + neutrons
-weight of nucleus

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4
Q

Number of protons + neutrons:

A

mass number (A)

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5
Q

Label what each of the arrows is representing:

A

4: mass number (A)
2: atomic number (Z)
He: element symbol

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6
Q

Explain electron configuration:

A

Electrons organized into shells around the nucleus

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7
Q

Electron configuration:

Within a given atom, inner shell electrons are more:

A

Tightly bound

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8
Q

Electron configuration:

The closer the electron is to the nucleus:

A

The more attracted it is to the nucleus

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9
Q

Electron configuration:

What shell has the highest binding energy?

A

K shell

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10
Q

Electron configuration:

The binding energy needed to remove an electron is equal to:

A

The binding energy of K

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11
Q

Electron configuration:

What shell has a “middle” binding energy?
What shell has the lowest binding energy?

A

L shell
M shell

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12
Q

Explain binding energy:

A

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

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13
Q

What is binding energy measured in?

A

Electron Volts (eV)

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14
Q

Binding energy is closely related to:

A

Atomic number

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15
Q

Binding energy is closely related to atomic number, explain:

High Z –>

Low Z –>

A

High Z –> High binding energy (more protons, electrons are more tightly bound/harder to remove)

Low Z –> Lower binding energy (less protons, electrongs are less tightly bound/easier to remove)

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16
Q

Explain the process of ionization:

A

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from a neutral atom

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17
Q

To ionize an atom, we need ______ to overcome _____ and free the ______

A

Sufficient external energy; electrostatic forces; electron

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18
Q

For the process of ionization, the amount of external energy to overcome the electrostatic forces to free the electron needs to be:

A

the same binding energy or more

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19
Q

Explains the propagation of radiation in form of waves:

A

Waves theory

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20
Q

What radiation theory involves “no mass, no charge” :

A

Waves theory

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21
Q

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields:

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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22
Q

Electromagnetic radiation can be _____ or _____

A

Ionizing or non-ionizing

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23
Q

Explains the interaction of radiation within the matter:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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24
Q

Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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25
Q

A small discrete bundle of energy:

A

Photon

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26
Q

In what theory does each photon have energy (eV), mass, and travels in a straight line at the speed of light:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

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27
Q

In the quantum (particulate) theory, describe the properties of each photon: (3)

A
  1. has energy (eV)
  2. has mass
  3. travels in straight lines at the speed of light
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28
Q

List examples of particulate radiation (Quantum theory):

A

Alpha
Beta + (positron)
Beta - (electron)
Electron
Neutron
Proton

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29
Q

The particulate radiation (photon) described by the quantum theory that has the highest charge & mass:

30
Q

Explains the propagation of radiation:

A

Waves theory

31
Q

Explains the interaction of radiation with matter:

A

Quantum (particulate) theory

32
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (waves theory) that are non-ionizing:

A

Radiowaves
infrared
UV
etc.

33
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (waves theory) that are ionizing:

A

X-rays
Gamma rays

34
Q

Describe the energy and wavelength of ionizing electromagnetic radiation:

A

Highest energy, lowest (shortest) wavelength

35
Q

Electromagnetic radiation that has highest energy and shortest wavelength would be described as:

36
Q

Distance between two successive crests:

A

Wavelength

37
Q

The number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time:

38
Q

Explain the relationship between frequency and wavelength of X-rays:

A

Inversely proportional

39
Q

Which wave has a higher frequency?

A

Right wave

40
Q

Which wave has more energy?

A

Right wave

41
Q

Which wave has a greater wavelength?

42
Q

Which wave has lower energy?

43
Q

From point A to point C represents:

A

One wavelength

44
Q

Frequency and wavelength are _____ proportional

45
Q

Explain how photon energy of electromagnetic radiation is related to frequency and wavelength:

A

Energy is DIRECTLY proportional to frequency and INVERSELY proportional to wavelength

46
Q

Energy is _____ proportional to frequency and ______ proportional to wavelength

A

DIRECTLY; INVERSELY

47
Q

High frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

A

Short wavelength; high energy

48
Q

Low frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

A

Long wavelength; low energy

49
Q

Discuss the properties of X-rays (7):

A
  1. invisible, weightless, no electric charge
  2. travels in straight lines (X-ray beam diverges over distance)
  3. travels at speed of light
  4. highly penetrating (short wavelengts of 0.01nm to 0.1nm)
  5. differentially absorbed by matter
  6. can ionize matter
  7. produces biological changes
50
Q

X-rays can be described as ______, ______ and no ______

A

Invisible, weightless and no electric charge

51
Q

X-rays travel in _____. The X-ray beam _____ over distance

A

Straight lines; diverges

52
Q

X-rays travels at:

A

Speed of light

53
Q

X-rays are highly ______, with a short wavelength of ____ to _____

A

penetrating; 0.01nm to 0.1nm

54
Q

X-rays are ______ by matter

A

Differentially absorbed

55
Q

X-rays can _____ matter

56
Q

X-rays can produce ____ changes

A

biological

57
Q

LET:

A

Linear energy transfer

58
Q

Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter:

A

Ionizing rate

59
Q

The ionizing rate depends on: (3)

A
  1. velocity
  2. charge
  3. size
60
Q

Describe the LET in the following situation:

Lower velocity, higher charge, bigger size —>

A

Greater LET

61
Q

A higher LET has less _______

A

penetration

62
Q

A higher LET has less penetration because they ______ after ______

A

lose their energy; short distances

63
Q

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter:

64
Q

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy:

A

E- is NOT ejected

65
Q

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, E- is not ejected and the receiving E- is raised to a higher energy level within the orbit:

A

Excitation

66
Q

What happens to an electron that undergoes excitation?

A

Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

67
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of X-radiation?

a) x-rays have mass
b) increased frequency means short wavelengths
c) x-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
d) the waves are formed as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

68
Q

T/F: the higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET

69
Q

T/F: Microwaves are ionizing

70
Q

Considering elements A & B. Is the following statement T/F?

To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A

Element A) atomic number 100
Element B) atomic number 110

Oral Radiology (21 decks)

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