Ionizing Radiation (Lec 2)

Question 1

Describe the atom & the three main particles that make up the atom:

Answer 1

Atom is the basic unit of matter (matter is anything that has mass & occupies a space)

Include: protons, neutrons & electrons

Question 2

Define atomic number (3):

Answer 2

Atomic number (Z)
-number of protons
-same as number of electrons in a neutral atom
-determines the identity in a neutral atom

Question 3

Define mass number (2):

Answer 3

Mass number (A)
-number of protons + neutrons
-weight of nucleus

Question 4

Number of protons + neutrons:

Answer 4

mass number (A)

Question 5

Label what each of the arrows is representing:

Answer 5

4: mass number (A)
2: atomic number (Z)
He: element symbol

Question 6

Explain electron configuration:

Answer 6

Electrons organized into shells around the nucleus

Question 7

Electron configuration:

Within a given atom, inner shell electrons are more:

Answer 7

Tightly bound

Question 8

Electron configuration:

The closer the electron is to the nucleus:

Answer 8

The more attracted it is to the nucleus

Question 9

Electron configuration:

What shell has the highest binding energy?

Answer 9

K shell

Question 10

Electron configuration:

The binding energy needed to remove an electron is equal to:

Answer 10

The binding energy of K

Question 11

Electron configuration:

What shell has a “middle” binding energy?
What shell has the lowest binding energy?

Answer 11

L shell
M shell

Question 12

Explain binding energy:

Answer 12

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Question 13

What is binding energy measured in?

Answer 13

Electron Volts (eV)

Question 14

Binding energy is closely related to:

Answer 14

Atomic number

Question 15

Binding energy is closely related to atomic number, explain:

High Z –>

Low Z –>

Answer 15

High Z –> High binding energy (more protons, electrons are more tightly bound/harder to remove)

Low Z –> Lower binding energy (less protons, electrongs are less tightly bound/easier to remove)

Question 16

Explain the process of ionization:

Answer 16

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from a neutral atom

Question 17

To ionize an atom, we need ______ to overcome _____ and free the ______

Answer 17

Sufficient external energy; electrostatic forces; electron

Question 18

For the process of ionization, the amount of external energy to overcome the electrostatic forces to free the electron needs to be:

Answer 18

the same binding energy or more

Question 19

Explains the propagation of radiation in form of waves:

Answer 19

Waves theory

Question 20

What radiation theory involves “no mass, no charge” :

Answer 20

Waves theory

Question 21

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields:

Answer 21

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 22

Electromagnetic radiation can be _____ or _____

Answer 22

Ionizing or non-ionizing

Question 23

Explains the interaction of radiation within the matter:

Answer 23

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 24

Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons:

Answer 24

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 25

A small discrete bundle of energy:

Answer 25

Photon

Question 26

In what theory does each photon have energy (eV), mass, and travels in a straight line at the speed of light:

Answer 26

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 27

In the quantum (particulate) theory, describe the properties of each photon: (3)

Answer 27

1. has energy (eV) 2. has mass 3. travels in straight lines at the speed of light

Question 28

List examples of particulate radiation (Quantum theory):

Answer 28

Alpha Beta + (positron) Beta - (electron) Electron Neutron Proton

Question 29

The particulate radiation (photon) described by the quantum theory that has the highest charge & mass:

Answer 29

Alpha

Question 30

Explains the propagation of radiation:

Answer 30

Waves theory

Question 31

Explains the interaction of radiation with matter:

Answer 31

Quantum (particulate) theory

Question 32

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (waves theory) that are non-ionizing:

Answer 32

Radiowaves infrared UV etc.

Question 33

Examples of electromagnetic radiation (waves theory) that are ionizing:

Answer 33

X-rays Gamma rays

Question 34

Describe the energy and wavelength of ionizing electromagnetic radiation:

Answer 34

Highest energy, lowest (shortest) wavelength

Question 35

Electromagnetic radiation that has highest energy and shortest wavelength would be described as:

Answer 35

Ionizing

Question 36

Distance between two successive crests:

Answer 36

Wavelength

Question 37

The number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time:

Answer 37

Frequency

Question 38

Explain the relationship between frequency and wavelength of X-rays:

Answer 38

Inversely proportional

Question 39

Which wave has a higher frequency?

Answer 39

Right wave

Question 40

Which wave has more energy?

Answer 40

Right wave

Question 41

Which wave has a greater wavelength?

Answer 41

Left wave

Question 42

Which wave has lower energy?

Answer 42

Left wave

Question 43

From point A to point C represents:

Answer 43

One wavelength

Question 44

Frequency and wavelength are _____ proportional

Answer 44

Inversely

Question 45

Explain how photon energy of electromagnetic radiation is related to frequency and wavelength:

Answer 45

Energy is DIRECTLY proportional to frequency and INVERSELY proportional to wavelength

Question 46

Energy is _____ proportional to frequency and ______ proportional to wavelength

Answer 46

DIRECTLY; INVERSELY

Question 47

High frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

Answer 47

Short wavelength; high energy

Question 48

Low frequency means _____ wavelength and _____ energy

Answer 48

Long wavelength; low energy

Question 49

Discuss the properties of X-rays (7):

Answer 49

1. invisible, weightless, no electric charge 2. travels in straight lines (X-ray beam diverges over distance) 3. travels at speed of light 4. highly penetrating (short wavelengts of 0.01nm to 0.1nm) 5. differentially absorbed by matter 6. can ionize matter 7. produces biological changes

Question 50

X-rays can be described as ______, ______ and no ______

Answer 50

Invisible, weightless and no electric charge

Question 51

X-rays travel in _____. The X-ray beam _____ over distance

Answer 51

Straight lines; diverges

Question 52

X-rays travels at:

Answer 52

Speed of light

Question 53

X-rays are highly ______, with a short wavelength of ____ to _____

Answer 53

penetrating; 0.01nm to 0.1nm

Question 54

X-rays are ______ by matter

Answer 54

Differentially absorbed

Question 55

X-rays can _____ matter

Answer 55

ionize

Question 56

X-rays can produce ____ changes

Answer 56

biological

Question 57

LET:

Answer 57

Linear energy transfer

Question 58

Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter:

Answer 58

Ionizing rate

Question 59

The ionizing rate depends on: (3)

Answer 59

1. velocity 2. charge 3. size

Question 60

Describe the LET in the following situation: Lower velocity, higher charge, bigger size --->

Answer 60

Greater LET

Question 61

A higher LET has less _______

Answer 61

penetration

Question 62

A higher LET has less penetration because they ______ after ______

Answer 62

lose their energy; short distances

Question 63

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter:

Answer 63

Radiation

Question 64

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy:

Answer 64

E- is NOT ejected

Question 65

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, E- is not ejected and the receiving E- is raised to a higher energy level within the orbit:

Answer 65

Excitation

Question 66

What happens to an electron that undergoes excitation?

Answer 66

Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

Question 67

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of X-radiation? a) x-rays have mass b) increased frequency means short wavelengths c) x-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum d) the waves are formed as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

Answer 67

A

Question 68

T/F: the higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET

Answer 68

F

Question 69

T/F: Microwaves are ionizing

Answer 69

F

Question 70

Considering elements A & B. Is the following statement T/F? To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A Element A) atomic number 100 Element B) atomic number 110

Answer 70

T