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Cone Beam Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Digital image processing/modifications include:

A
  1. compression
  2. imagining manipulations
  3. image reconstruction
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2
Q

Imaging manipulations=automated image analysis which includes:

A

Qualitative image analysis & Quantitative image analysis

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3
Q

Imaging manipulation that changes pixel’s digital value:

A

Qualitative

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4
Q

Imaging manipulation that counts the number of pixels:

A

Quantitative

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5
Q

Data is utilized by other software programs and produces different image presentations:

A

Image reconstruction

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6
Q

Label the following views from the spiral CT scan 3D image reconstruction:

A
  1. caudal cranial view
  2. buccal view
  3. distal view
  4. lingual view
  5. mesial view
  6. occlusal view
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7
Q

You don’t do a CBCT ____, you do a CBCT ____

A

image; scan

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8
Q

Use of computers to generate multiple images of an object from digitized density information obtained from various signals; X-radiation (MDCT, CBCT), magnetic fields (MRI), sonar radiation (ultrasound), etc.

A

Computed tomography

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9
Q

Two forms of X-ray CT:

A
  1. CBCT (cone beam computed tomography)
  2. MDCT (multidetector computed tomography)
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10
Q

CBCT & MDCT are both forms of:

A

X-ray CT

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11
Q

CBCT was developed in Japan & Europe before:

A

2000 A.D.

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12
Q

What was the first commercially available Cone Beam system in the United States?

A

NewTom (2001)

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13
Q

What version of NewTom was created in 2001?

A

NewTom 9000

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14
Q

NewTom 9000 was later renamed:

A

NewTom 3G

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15
Q

The NewTom 9000/NewTom 3G is similar panoramic but captures:

A

Density values of the whole object at different angles

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16
Q

NewTom 9000 (2001) is similar to the first:

A

MDCT (1971)

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17
Q

Describe the change of design from the NewTom 3G to the NewTom VGi:

A

Laydown version —-> stand up version

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18
Q

Label the names of the following machines:

A

Left: NewTom 3G
Right: NewTom VGi

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19
Q

How is the NewTom VGi similar to a pano?

A

The patient stands while getting scanned

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20
Q

For NewTom VGi, the imaging capture process is ______ while the image processing takes _____

A

short; longer

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21
Q

What device produced by Sirona is smaller and used more often?

A

Orthophos XG 3D

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22
Q

Sironas bigger model= ____
Sironas smaller model= _____

A

Galileo
Orthophos

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23
Q

what models did I-cat FLX create?

A

V8
V10
V17

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24
Q

What is significant about I-cat FLX V8, V10 & V17 models?

A

Sit down models

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25
Q

Describe the advantages & disadvantages of a sit down unit:

A

Takes more time to get patient settled in but less chance for motion artifact

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26
Q

The faster the scan, the _______ but the lower the _______

A

less information; dose of radiation

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27
Q

T/F: Most of the sit down units have a larger detector so they tend to be more expensive

A

T

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28
Q

List what CBCT models are made by CareStream:

A

CS 8100
CS 9300 select

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29
Q

CareStream was originally ____ but went ____

A

Kodak; Bankrupt

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30
Q

What models are shown in the following images?

A

CS 8100 (Left)
CS 9300 select (Right)

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31
Q

What models are shown in the following images?

A

I-cat FLX (V8, V10 or V17 model)

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32
Q

What model are shown in the following images?

A

Sirona Galileo (bigger model)

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33
Q

What models are shown in the following images?

A

Sirona Orthophos (smaller model)

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34
Q

Both the CS 8100 & CS 9300 select are ______ CBCT units

A

Stand up

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35
Q

Va Tech “Picasso” models are what type of CBCTs?

A

This company has both sit down & stand up units

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36
Q

What model is seen in the image below?

A

VaTech “Green21” model

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37
Q

What models are shown in the following images?

A

Va Tech Picasso models

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38
Q

What model is seen in the image below?

A

Morita X800

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39
Q

What CBCT unit is UMKC getting next year?

A

Morita X800

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40
Q

The larger the scan, the more time it takes = _____ dose

A

the higher the dose

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41
Q

Due to a larger scan taking more time and ultimately having a higher radiation dose, you would prefer the patient to:

A

sit in a chair so they don’t have to retake the scan

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42
Q

What type of CBCT scanner do we currently have in the school that is Dr. Briners baby?

A

I-CAT FLX

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43
Q

What type of CBCT is seen in the image below?

A

Morita 3D accuitomo 170

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44
Q

The CBCT brand Planmeca has what models:

A

Planmeca Viso G5
Panacea Viso G7

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45
Q

Describe the difference between the FOVs of Planmeca Viso G5 vs. Planmeca Viso G7:

A

Planmeca Viso G5: FOVS: 3X3cm 30x17cm
Planmeca Viso G7: FOVS: 3x3cm 30x19cm 30x30

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46
Q

Aside from the FOVs another difference seen between Planmeca Viso G5 vs. Planmeca Viso G7 is that the G7 uses a:

A

2-scan technique

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47
Q

T/F: Nearly all CBCT units are good quality, high-end imaging equipment made for a very competitive market place

A

True

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48
Q

CBCT units become outdated due to competition from:

A
  1. Competitor brands
  2. Technical innovations
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49
Q

List examples of technical innovations that contribute to CBCT units becoming outdated:

A
  1. memory
  2. bit depth
  3. FOV options
  4. operating systems
  5. compatibility with software technologies
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50
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

-How well it works with other digital systems to store the images

A

Memory

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51
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

Resolution

A

Bit depth

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52
Q

What technical innovation is being described below?

Site of scanner

A

FOV options

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53
Q

The lifetime of a CBCT unit is around:

A

6-8 years

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54
Q

Panoramic if used properly can last up to:

A

20 years (CBCTs are different)

55
Q

What factors contribute to the shorter lifespan (6-8 years) of a CBCT unit?

A
  1. X-ray tube burns out
  2. Software system gets old (older systems don’t integrate well with newer softwares)
  3. Operating system changes
56
Q

List the benefit of cone beam imaging:

A

Less radiation than other forms of CT (i.e. MDCT) for hard tissue imaging

57
Q

Explain the concept of less radiation from cone beam imaging for hard tissue imaging compared to other forms of CT:

A
  1. less scanning of X-radiation
  2. lower radiation
58
Q

List the effective dose for the following CT exams:

1) CBCT large FOV:

2) CBCT medium FOV:

3) CBCT small FOV:

4) MDCT-head:

5) MDCT- abdomen:

6) MDCT- chest:

A

all measured in microSV (uSv)

1) CBCT large FOV: 68-1073

2) CBCT medium FOV: 45-860

3) CBCT small FOV: 19-652

4) MDCT-head: 960-1500

5) MDCT- abdomen: 5300

6) MDCT- chest: 5800

59
Q

List the effective dose for the following CT exams in days background radiation:

1) CBCT large FOV:

2) CBCT medium FOV:

3) CBCT small FOV:

4) MDCT-head:

5) MDCT- abdomen:

6) MDCT- chest:

A

1) CBCT large FOV: 8-126

2) CBCT medium FOV: 5-101

3) CBCT small FOV: 2-77

4) MDCT-head: 101-177

5) MDCT- abdomen: 624

6) MDCT- chest: 682

60
Q

1 day of background radiation equals around:

A

8.5 microSv (uSv)

61
Q

MCDT stands for ______ NOT _____

A

Multi-detector CT; Medical CT

62
Q

Why is there so much overlap in the effective dose for common CT exams?

A

There are other factors that affect the doe, not just considering the question of the size of the area being scanned

63
Q

CBCT Dosimetry study values vary because:

A

Studies are NOT directly comparable

64
Q

CBCT Dosimetry study values vary because studies are NOT directly comparable, list examples of what we mean by this:

A
  1. variations in experimental methodologies
  2. different devices & settings
  3. different size FOVs (including shapes of FOVs)
  4. differences in high & low resolution scans
  5. dosimetry phantoms
  6. ICRP E(1990) vs. E(2007)

Don’t need to memorize

65
Q
  1. variations in experimental methodologies
  2. different devices & settings
  3. different size FOVs (including shapes of FOVs)
  4. differences in high & low resolution scans
  5. dosimetry phantoms
  6. ICRP E(1990) vs. E(2007)

These are all causes of:

A

Effective dose of CT scans overlap

66
Q

Factors affecting dose of CBCT scans:

A
  1. FOV
  2. Exposure
  3. Voxel
  4. Sensors
67
Q

FOV=

A

Field of view

68
Q

The field of view, referred to as the FOV refers to the:

A

size of the volume captured in the scan

69
Q

Almost all CBCT systems on the market capture a volume (FOV) that shaped like a:

A

Cylinder (tin can)

70
Q

The FOV is expressed in two numbers, typically measured in:

A

Cm (online)
MM (slides)

71
Q

The FOV is expressed in two numbers. The first number typically refers to the _____ of the cylinder, while the second number refers to the _____

A

diameter of the circular face of the cylinder (top of the pop can)

height

72
Q

What is the shape of a flat panel detector (CBCT FOV)?

A

Cylinder (pop can)

73
Q

List the steps of the CBCT unit:

A
  1. image acquisition
  2. Raw data (2D projections)
  3. Image reconstruction (3D dataset)
  4. Visualization (2D slices etc.)
74
Q

The field of view size can be selected and positioned according to the:

A

diagnostic task

75
Q

CBCT units have capabilities for scanning a range of:

76
Q

T/F: You pick the FOV you need and then position the patient in the CBCT unit

A

False- you position the patient first & then pick the FOV you need according to the area being imaged

77
Q

The _______ needs to be in the selected FOV

A

area being imaged

78
Q

What is the difference between the PaX-i3D Smart vs. Pax-i3D premium?

A

Pax-i3D premium has multi FOV- leading to more area being imaged (whole head)

79
Q

If you are wanting to capture a full skull image compared to a small area of teeth you would need:

A

a larger detector (more expensive)

80
Q

What is the FOV for these images?

A

8cm x 15cm

81
Q

What is the FOV for these images?

A

13cm x 15cm

82
Q

What is the FOV for these images? What can this be considered?

A

26cm x 15cm (Extend FOV)

83
Q

CBCT factors affecting dose:

A
  1. FOV
  2. Exposure
  3. Voxel
  4. Sensors
84
Q

The kv ranges for CBCT based on:

85
Q

When kV of a CBCT we are talking about:

86
Q

What kV range between various CBCT units?

A

75 kV to 120 kV

87
Q

What is the mA ranges between various CBCT units?

A

7 mA to 20 mA

88
Q

When talking about exposure, ____ is affected by basis image data

89
Q

X-ray beam projection scheme shows ______ imaging geometry with the resultant image production

90
Q

In CBCT image production, multiple ______ projections form the _____

A

basis image; projection data

91
Q

After the CBCT unit forms multiple basis image projections forming the projection data, a ________ is then constructed by an imaging software program

A

volumetric data set

92
Q

A ______ is constructed by an imaging software program which then displays various ______

A

volumetric data set; image reconstructions

93
Q

The image reconstructions produced by the imaging software program from the volumetric data set is dependent on the power of the programs as specified by the:

A

software manufacturers

94
Q

X-ray beam projection scheme shows a :cone” beam imaging geometry with the resultant production of:

A

a basis image

95
Q

To obtain projected images, the X-ray tube & detector move _____ around the ____

A

concomitantly; axis of rotation

96
Q

To obtain projected images, the _____ & ____ move concomitantly around the axis of rotation

A

X-ray tube & detector

97
Q

________ as the machine rotated counterclockwise from position 1 to position 2

A

two basis-image capture sequences

98
Q

What way does a CBCT machine rotate?

A

counter-clockwise

99
Q

CBCT scans routinely capture in the range of ____ to ___ basis images per rotational scan

100
Q

CBCT scans routinely capture a range of 100-600 ______ per ____-

A

basis images; rotational scan

101
Q

When a low number of _____ is used, the object is undersampled and the image exhibits streaks along the direction of the backprojected rays

A

projections

102
Q

How could you fix this, if this was the result of your CBCT scan?

A

An improved reconstruction is possible when the number of projection angles is increased

103
Q

The number of basis images affects:

A
  1. image quality
  2. dose
104
Q

The number of basis images affects the image quality and dose. Explain:

A

The more basis images captured = the more detailed the reconstruction will be however the more basis images captured= the more radiation the patient is exposed to

105
Q

Smaller voxel size=

A

better the image because of higher resolution

106
Q

Factors affecting dose include:

A
  1. exposure settings (kV, mA, time)
  2. Resolution (voxel size)
  3. FOV
107
Q

The smaller the voxel size, the ______obtained

A

more information

108
Q

Which image is the result of a smaller voxel size?

109
Q

A voxel size of 0.3mm cubed =

A

300 micrometers cubed

110
Q

A voxel size of 0.075mm cubed=

A

75 micrometers cubed

111
Q

Small voxel yields _______ resolution

112
Q

Small voxel size yield LOWER _____

A

signal to noise ratio

113
Q

Small voxel size yields _____ radiation dose

114
Q

Why might small voxel size after a certain point result in degraded image quality?

A

Smoothes too much due to Compton scatter (signal to noise ratio)

115
Q

What is the voxel size for larger FOVs?

A

Greater than or equal to 0.200mm = 200 micrometers

116
Q

What is the voxel size for smaller FOVs? (less than or equal to (5cm x 5 cm)

A

Less than 0.200mm = 200 micrometers

117
Q

Small voxel yields high resolution but requires _____ ( _____) to capture signal in the greater number of the smaller voxels

A

more x-ray photons (higher exposure)

118
Q

T/F: Current scanners are not configured for the longer scan times and longer processing times for a large FOV with a small voxel size

119
Q

Smaller voxels need more _______ which yields a higher _____

A

photon signal; radiation dose

120
Q

Sensors are also known as:

121
Q

A panoramic focal trough is a _____ focal trough

122
Q

Label what kind of image detectors are seen in the CBCT units below:

A

Left: charge-coupled image intensifier detector

Right: flat-panel detector

123
Q

Label which detector produces the following distortion patterns:

A

A: image-intensifier detector
B: flat-panel detector

124
Q

Grid type X distortion pattern is a result of:

A

Image-intensifier detector

125
Q

Grid type Y distortion pattern is a result of:

A

Flat-panel detector

126
Q

With a grid type X (image intensifier detector) distortion pattern, distortion of the image grid occurs:

A

When moving away from the center

127
Q

With this type of detector even at more distant areas from the center of the grid there is minimal to no distortion of the grid pattern:

A

Flat-panel (grid Y)

128
Q

Improved image quality, and higher signal-to-noise ratio are seen with what type of image detector?

A

Flat pannel

129
Q

What type of image detector results in a lower radiation dose/

A

CCD image intensifier

130
Q

CBVT:

A

Cone beam volume tomography

131
Q

DCT:

A

Dental CT (bad term)

132
Q

MCT:

A

Micro CT (bad term)

133
Q

3DI:

A

3D imaging (terrible term)

Oral Radiology (21 decks)

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