Processes Flashcards
Exhaling
Intercostal muscles relax
Allowing rub cage to move downwards
Diaphragm muscles relax allowing it to resume its domed shape
Two movements cause a reduction in thorax volume
Increase in pressure results in air leaving the lungs
Inhaling
Intercostal muscles contract
Pulling rib cage upwards
Diaphragm muscles contract
Flattening diaphragm
Two movements cause an increase in volume of thorax
Decrease in pressure to that below surroundings cause atmospheric air to be drawn in
Reflex action
So Rapidly Could Emily Run
Stimulus- impulse Receptor Sensory neurone Relay neurone (CNS) Motor neurone Effector (muscle or gland) Response
Water content controlled
Adh hormone
Too low than purity gland releases hormone into blood. This causes kidneys to reabsorb more water and results in a more concentrated urine
Too high less ADH released into blood. Less water reabsorbed resulting in a more dilute urine
Plant responses
Auxin moves to unlit side
Cells respond to the hormone and grow more
Curves plant up towards light
Auxin becomes evenly spread
Plant reproduction
Anther produces make gametes in pollen grains
Pollen grains attach to stigma on top of carpel where female gametes are located
Pollen tube grows through the carpel’s style into the ovule
The nuclei from pollen grain migrate into ovule to fertilise egg cell nucleus and endosperm nuclei
One nucleus fertilises egg cell to fork zygote
Other fertilises with two more female nuclei to form an endosperm nucleus
The zygote grows and divides to develop into an embryo plant
The fertilised endosperm nucleus and egg cell nucleus give rise to the seed
Endosperm forms food store while the tissue that results from the female egg cell nucleus forms the embryo plant
Ovary grows into a fruit which surrounds the seed to protect it
Plant reproduction
Anther produces make gametes in pollen grains
Pollen grains attach to stigma on top of carpel where female gametes are located
Pollen tube grows through the carpel’s style into the ovule
The nuclei from pollen grain migrate into ovule to fertilise egg cell nucleus and endosperm nuclei
One nucleus fertilises egg cell to fork zygote
Other fertilises with two more female nuclei to form an endosperm nucleus
The zygote grows and divides to develop into an embryo plant
The fertilised endosperm nucleus and egg cell nucleus give rise to the seed
Endosperm forms food store while the tissue that results from the female egg cell nucleus forms the embryo plant
Ovary grows into a fruit which surrounds the seed to protect it
Screening embryos
Amniocentesis
Takes fluid from around developing fetus
Fluid contains fetal cells used for screening
Chorionic villus sampling
Earlier stage of pregs
Take small sample of tissue from developing placenta
Provides fetal cells for screening
Carrying out screening
Gene probe
Uv light
Fluorescent
Probe- antibody with a fluorescent chemical attached to them
Can detect whole abnormal chromosomes too
Tissue culture
Method of plant cloning
Small tissue sample from parent
Grown in what w combo of nutrients and plant hormones to form big mass of tissue
Diff mixture of hormones results in many identical plant lets
They then grow into identical plants
Embryo transplants
Split apart cells from a developing embryo before they’re specialised
Letting them grow and duplicate in lab
Then transplant identical embryos into host mothers
Adult cell cloning
Nucleus removed from fertilised egg
Nucleus from an adult body cell removed and inserted into egg cell
Electric shock acts as a catalyst for the egg cell to begin to divide to form embryo cells
When a ball of cells, inserted into womb of adult female to continue development
Genetic engineering
Enzymes used to isolate and cut out required gene
Gene then inserted into a vector using more enzymes
Vector usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus
Vector then used to insert gene into required cells (bacteria, animal, plant, fungi)
A marker is useful - fluorescent gene from jellyfish an antibiotic resistant gene
