proceduresIII Test 1 Flashcards
How many are “true” vertebrae?
24
How many vertebra do we have early in life?
33
Which vertebrae are “false”? Why are they considered false vertebrae?
Sacral and coccygeal segments. They are fixed vertebrae. Sacral fuse into the sacrum and coccygeal form the coccyx.
The vertebral column is the ______ of the skeleton.
Central axis
What are the three functions of the vertebral column?
◾️encloses and protects spinal cord
◾️supports the trunk and skull
◾️provides muscle attachment
Lordotic curves _____ anteriorly.
Convex
Examples of lordotic curves?
Cervical and lumbar
Kyphotic curves ______ anteriorly.
Concave
Examples of Kyphotic curves.
Thoracic and pelvic
______ convex posteriorly.
Kyphotic
______ curves concave posteriorly.
Lordotic
What is a primary curve?
Present at birth
What parts of the spine are primary curves?
Thoracic and pelvic
What’s a secondary curve?
Curve that develops after birth as child grows and develops.
Which parts of the spine are secondary curves?
Lumbar and cervical
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
What is kyphosis?
Posterior convexity of thoracic curve
What is lordosis?
Increase in anterior convexity of cervical or lumbar spines
What lies in between vertebral bodies?
Vertebral disks
What is the purpose of intervertebral disks?
Function as cushions
The center of each intervertebral disk is called:
Nucleus pulposus
What is a herniated disk/slipped disk?
The nucleus pulposus rupturing into vertebral canal
What causes slipped disks?
Improper body mechanics
Each typical vertebra has 2 main parts, what are they?
Body and vertebral arch
What parts of the vertebrae create the vertebral foramen?
Body and vertebral arch
What passes through the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord
What special features do the Cervical vertebrae have? 2 answers
◾️Transverse foramina located on transverse process
◾️bifid spinous process except c7
What special feature do the thoracic vertebrae have?
Costal facets on posterior/lateral for articulation with head of ribs facet on transverse process for articulation with tubercle of ribs.
What special feature do the lumbar vertebrae have?
◾️pars interarticularis
◾️transverse process small than tspine
Where are the transverse processes located in relationship to the body of the vertebra?
They project laterally and a little posteriorly from junction of lamina and pedicles
What two pieces of anatomy create the transverse process? (pay lots of taxes)
Pedicles and lamina
Spinous process project how from the body of the vertebra?
Posteriorly and medially from pedicle
What anatomy creates the spinous process?(like lots of snacks)
Lamina and lamina
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
Another name for C1
Atlas
Another name for C2
Axis
Which three vertebrae are considered atypical?
C1 c2 C7
Which cervical vertebrae does NOT have a body?
C1
Another name for C7.
Vertebra promiens
Why is C7 also known as vertebra promiens?
Because of its long prominent spinous process
Which cervical vertebra has lateral masses?
Atlas/C1
Which cervical vertebra has the dens?
C2/axis
What joint is created by C1 and the occipital bone?
Atlantooccipital
What is the name of the articulation between the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the head of the ribs?
Costovertebral
What is the articulation between the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra and tubercle of the rib?
Costotransverse
The vertebral arch is formed by 2 _______ and 2 ______.
Pedicles and laminae
The pedicles of the vertebra are located how in relationship to the body of the vertebra?
Project posterior part of body
The concave regions of pedicles are called?
Vertebral notches
Vertebral notches articulate with one another to form the?
Intervertebral foramina
What is spina bifida?
Congenital condition in which laminar fail to fuse
Superior and inferior articular processes come together to create what joint?
Zygapophyseal
What is special about the lumbar vertebra transverse process?
Transverse processes are smaller than tspine
What is the mammillary process of the lumbar vertebra?
Smoothly rounded projection on the back of each superior articulating process
What is the accessory process of the lumbar vertebra?
Back of the root of the transverse process
What is spondylosis?
Bony defect of pars interarticularis, May be unilateral or bilateral
What is spondylotlisthesis?
Anterior displacement of one vertebra over another
What vertebral region does spondylotlisthesis occur in?
Lumbar
What is pars interarticularis?
Part of laminae between articular processes
How many segments comprise the sacrum?
5
Where is the sacrum located?
Wedged between iliac bones of the pelvis
Is there a difference in male and female sacral curves?
Yes
Which sacral curve is longer and more vertical?
Male
Which sacral curve is more acutely curved and oblique?
Female
What part of the sacrum will touch L5
Base
The ridge the superior/anterior margin, near the base of the sacrum is called?
Sacral promontory
What is the sacral canal?
Continuation of vertebral canal that’s part of the sacrum
How many pairs of sacral foramina are there?
4
What are sacral foramina for?
Passage of sacral nerves and blood vessels
Where is the ala of the sacrum located?
Each side of sacral base
What is the purpose of the auricular surface?
Large articular process for articulation with similarly shaped processes on the iliac bones of the pelvis
The apex of the sacrum has a facet for articulation with what structures?
Coccyx and sacral cornua
⏩What are sacral cornua? What are coccygeal cornua?
Process projected posteriorly on the sacrum
How many segments make up the coccyx?
3-5 normally 4
Does the coccyx have an apex and a base?
Yes
What does the superior articular process of the sacrum articulate with?
Inferior articular process of last lumbar vertebra.
Remember there will be an entire spine diagram as part of the test
◾️anatomy
◾️joints
