Procedures & Diagnosis’s

Question 1

What is Wilms tumor?

Answer 1

is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, it’s the most common cancer of the kidneys in children

Question 2

Splenectomy

Answer 2

is a surgical procedure to remove your spleen. The spleen is an organ that sits under your rib cage on the upper left side of your abdomen. It helps fight infection and filters unneeded material, such as old or damaged blood cells, from your blood.

Question 3

nephrectomy

Answer 3

is the surgical removal of a kidney, performed to treat a number of kidney diseases including kidney cancer. It is also done to remove a normal healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor, which is part of a kidney transplant procedure

Question 4

Tracheostomy

Answer 4

is a procedure to help air and oxygen reach the lungs by creating an opening into the trachea from outside the neck. A person with a tracheostomy breathes through a tracheostomy tube inserted in the opening.

Question 5

cystectomy

Answer 5

is a surgery to remove all or part of the bladder: A radical cystectomy removes the entire bladder, nearby lymph nodes, part of the urethra and nearby organs that may contain cancer cells. A partial cystectomy removes part of the bladder.

Question 6

mastoidectomy

Answer 6

removal of the air cells of the mastoid process without disturbing the contents of the middle ear.

Question 7

rhinoplasty

Answer 7

removal of a hump on the nose, the narrowing and shortening of the nose, and/or the reconstruction of the tip of the nose

Question 8

Leukoplasia

Answer 8

is the precancerous whitening of the mucous membrane.

Question 9

cholesteatoma

Answer 9

is an abnormal collection of skin cells deep inside your ear. They’re rare but, if left untreated, they can damage the delicate structures inside your ear that are essential for hearing and balance

Question 10

granuloma

Answer 10

is a tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue. It can appear in your lungs, skin or other parts of your body. Granulomas aren’t cancerous. They form as a reaction to infections, inflammation, irritants or foreign objects.

Question 11

Radial keratotomy

Answer 11

correction aims to change the refractive power of the anterior corneal surface to correct ametropia by the creation of individual linear incisions deep into the stroma (80 to 90% depth)

Reduce/eliminate myopia “near sightness”

Question 12

Scleral buckling

Answer 12

is a type of eye surgery to repair a detached retina and restore vision. The retina is a layer of nerve cells in the back of your eye. These cells use light to send visual information to your brain.

Question 13

Vitrectomy

Answer 13

is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small portions of the vitreous humor from the front structures of the eye—often because these are tangled in an intraocular lens or other structures.

Retina & vitreous issues

Question 14

Keratoplasty

Answer 14

Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue. When the entire cornea is replaced it is known as penetrating keratoplasty and when only part of the cornea is replaced it is known as lamellar keratoplasty.

Question 15

epidural hematoma (EDH

Answer 15

) occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the thick membrane covering the brain. They typically occur when a skull fracture tears an underlying blood vessel. EDHs are about half as common as a subdural hematomas and usually occur in young adults.

Question 16

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) “Hemorrhagic stroke” Also called: cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 16

, a subtype of stroke, is a devastating condition whereby a hematoma is formed within the brain parenchyma with or without blood extension into the ventricles.

An emergency condition in which a ruptured blood vessel causes bleeding inside the brain.
High blood pressure and trauma are two leading causes.

Question 17

Subdural hematoma
Also called: SDH, subdural hemorrhage

Answer 17

A pool of blood between the brain and its outermost covering.
Subdural hematoma can be a medical emergency. It’s usually caused by a head injury strong enough to burst blood vessels. This can cause pooled blood to push on the brain. Age, blood-thinning drugs, and alcohol abuse increase risk.

Question 18

Brain aneurysm
Also called: intracranial aneurysm

Answer 18

A weakness in a blood vessel in the brain that balloons and fills with blood.
Most intracranial aneurysms occur between the underside of the brain and the base of the skull. The aneurysm can leak or rupture, causing life-threatening bleeding.

An unruptured aneurysm usually causes no symptoms. A key symptom of a ruptured aneurysm is a sudden, severe headache.

Question 19

modified radical mastectomy

Answer 19

is a procedure in which the entire breast is removed, including the skin, areola, nipple, and most axillary lymph nodes, but the pectoralis major muscle is spared. Historically, a modified radical mastectomy was the primary method of treatment for breast cancer.

Question 20

Radical Mastectomy

Answer 20

Surgery to remove the whole breast, all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. For many years, radical mastectomy was the type of breast cancer surgery used most often, but it is rarely used now.

Question 21

Simple Mastectomy

Answer 21

Surgery to remove the whole breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark-colored skin around the nipple), and skin over the breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed to check for cancer.

Question 22

Adenomyomectomy

Answer 22

Adenomyomectomy is a conservative and effective treatment for adenomyosis. This study describes an efficient procedure to treat severe adenomyosis. Adenomyosis is uterine thickening that occurs when endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, moves into the outer muscular walls of the uterus.

Question 23

Laminectomy

Answer 23

is a type of surgery in which a surgeon removes part or all of the vertebral bone (lamina). This helps ease pressure on the spinal cord or the nerve roots that may be caused by injury, herniated disk, narrowing of the canal (spinal stenosis), or tumors.

Question 24

cholecystectomy

Answer 24

is a surgery to remove the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that sits just below the liver on the upper right side of the abdomen. The gallbladder collects and stores a digestive fluid made in the liver called bile.

Question 25

Schiller’s test or Schiller’s Iodine test

Answer 25

is a medical test in which iodine solution is applied to the cervix in order to diagnose cervical cancer. Your colposcopist might put a liquid called iodine solution on your cervix. It stains normal cervical tissue dark brown. Cell changes may not stain, so the colposcopist can see them

Question 26

Culdocentesis

Answer 26

is a procedure that checks for abnormal fluid in the space just behind the vagina. This area is called the cul-de-sac. During a culdocentesis a long thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall just below the uterus and a sample is taken of the fluid within the abdominal cavity.

Question 27

shirodkar procedure

Answer 27

It is a suture, or stitch, which is placed around the cervix (neck of the womb) and tied in order to prevent the cervix opening too early in pregnancy.

A procedure that involves the placement of a collar suture at the internal cervical os to prevent spontaneous abortion is:

Question 28

Wertheim operation

Answer 28

is a surgical procedure for the treatment of cervical cancer performed by way of an abdominal incision.

Question 29

Conization, or cone biopsy

Answer 29

, removes a cone-shaped portion of the cervix, encompassing the transformation zone and suspicious cervical lesions, for subsequent histological analysis.[1] The procedure is considered therapeutic and diagnostic if all cervical dysplastic lesions are contained within the specimen.

Question 30

Strabismus
Also called: crossed eyes

Answer 30

Disorder in which the eyes don’t look in exactly the same direction at the same time.
Causes of strabismus can include nerve injury or dysfunction of the muscles controlling the eye.

The main symptom is eyes that don’t look in exactly the same direction at the same time.

Crossed eyes can usually be corrected with early treatment. Several treatment options exist to align the eyes. They include special eyewear, use of an eye patch, and rarely surgery.

Question 31

Blepharochalasis

Answer 31

is a rare syndrome consisting of recurrent bouts of upper eyelid edema associated with thinning, stretching, and fine wrinkling of the involved skin. The lower eyelids are not commonly involved.

Question 32

Dyskinesia

Answer 32

are involuntary, erratic, writhing movements of the face, arms, legs or trunk. They are often fluid and dance-like, but they may also cause rapid jerking or slow and extended muscle spasms. They are not a symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) itself.

Question 33

Scleral buckling

Answer 33

Retinal detachment

Question 34

Prothrombin time
Diagnostic test

Answer 34

along with its derived measures of prothrombin ratio and international normalized ratio – is an assay for evaluating the extrinsic pathway and common pathway of coagulation. This blood test is also called protime INR and PT/INR

Question 35

total protein

Answer 35

high total protein level could indicate dehydration or a certain type of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, that causes protein to accumulate abnormally. If the result of a total protein test is abnormal, further tests will be needed to identify which proteins are too high or too low.

Question 36

bilirubin blood test

Answer 36

is used to check the health of your liver. The test is also commonly used to help diagnose newborn jaundice. Many healthy babies get jaundice because their livers aren’t developed enough to get rid of enough bilirubin. Newborn jaundice is usually not harmful and clears up within a few weeks.

Question 37

Amylase

Answer 37

test is used to find out if you have a condition that affects your pancreas or salivary glands. If you have a problem with your pancreas, your amylase levels are usually higher than normal. High levels can also be caused by an infection, cancer, or even alcohol or certain medicines.

Question 38

sympathectomy

Answer 38

Deep inside your chest, a structure called the sympathetic nerve chain runs up and down along your spine. It is the part of the nervous system responsible for the fight or flight response. During a sympathectomy, a surgeon cuts or clamps this nerve chain.

Question 39

Cordotomy

Answer 39

a surgical procedure aimed at destroying the pain-conducting tracts of the spinal cord. The cordotomy to be effective at decreasing the transmission of temperature and pain sensations. It was originally widely used for chronic pain, but now it is only used in cancer patients.

Question 40

neurectomy

Answer 40

is the transection or partial resection of a nerve. This can only be considered for small peripheral nerves that are purely sensory. This imparts complete numbness in the distributon of the nerve but can be useful in the face especially in trigger point areas.

neurectomy is a surgical procedure wherein certain nerves are blocked or severed to relieve severe chronic pain and cramping in patients with endometriosis, adenomyosis, or vertigo.

Question 41

Cloward procedure

Answer 41

proved to be a suitable and effective technique for treating segmental cervical degenerative pathology. In this series, with the use of carefully conducted Cloward procedure, improvement in sagittal alignment of the cervical spine with recovery of physiologic lordosis was obtained.

Thoracic pain referred from the neck, also known as Cloward’s sign, is a condition in which pain is felt in the thoracic region of the spine because of an issue in the neck. This condition may be caused by injury to the neck, poor posture, or degenerative conditions of the spine

Question 42

indirect hernia

Answer 42

occurs when abdominal contents protrude through the internal inguinal ring and into the inguinal canal. This occurs lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. The hernia contents may extend into the scrotum.

Question 43

direct inguinal hernia

Answer 43

is protrusion of abdominal contents through the transversalis fascia within Hesselbach’s triangle. The borders of Hesselbach’s triangle are the inferior epigastric vessels superolaterally, the rectus sheath medially, and inguinal ligament inferiorly.

Question 44

pantaloon hernia or a saddlebag hernia

Answer 44

is characterized by a combination of both indirect and direct hernias ipsilaterally. A pantaloon hernia has an incidence of three times more in males than females [2]. This case included a herniated urinary bladder as a direct component of the pantaloon hernia.

Question 45

Sliding hiatal hernias

Answer 45

impair clearance in the distal esophagus by a phenomenon called “re-reflux.” It occurs predominantly during inspiration and is most pronounced in the recumbent position. The crural diaphragm is thought to pinch off the distal esophagus and act as a one-way valve.

Question 46

What is recession and resection?

Answer 46

To strengthen a muscle, a section of the muscle or tendon may be removed to make it shorter. This step in the surgery is called a resection. To weaken a muscle, it is reattached to a point farther toward the back of the eye. This step is called a recession.

Question 47

Abdominoperineal resection

Answer 47

Surgery to remove the anus, the rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon through an incision made in the abdomen. The end of the intestine is attached to an opening in the surface of the abdomen and body waste is collected in a disposable bag outside of the body.

is predominantly used to treat low-lying rectal carcinoma by removing the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus, leaving behind a …

Question 48

Whipple procedure is also called a pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Answer 48

Whipple procedure is an operation to treat tumors and other conditions in the pancreas, small intestine and bile ducts. It involves removing the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine, the gallbladder and the bile duct.

Question 49

Anterior resection

Answer 49

is a surgical procedure for partial or complete removal of the rectum. It also involves the removal of the surrounding lymph nodes to prevent the spread of cancer and its recurrence. The rectum is the lowest part of your digestive system and stores your body’s metabolic waste.

Question 50

Gastrectomy

Answer 50

is surgery to remove part or all of the stomach. If only part of the stomach is removed, it is called partial gastrectomy. If the whole stomach is removed, it is called total gastrectomy.

indicated in the treatment of gastric cancer in patients with large tumors that cannot be treated with tumor resection, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. This is needed to prevent cancer cells from spreading to other parts of the body.

operation is performed with the patient supine, with open legs in reverse Trendelenburg position (inclined) in operating table with angle of 30°.

Question 51

Farsighted
Also called: hyperopia

Answer 51

A vision condition in which nearby objects are blurry.
Hyperopia is a common vision condition in adults.

People with hyperopia must squint to see nearby objects. Reading, writing, computer work, or drawing for long periods of time may cause eye strain and headache.

Treatment options include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and surgery such as LASIK.

Question 52

bifocal lens

Answer 52

is used for the correction of presbyopia. A bifocal lens is created with two different areas of vision correction, which are divided by a distinct line that sits horizontally across the lens. The top portion of the lens is used for distant, while the bottom portion of the lens is used for closer vision.

Question 53

Intraocular lens

Answer 53

is a lens implanted in the eye usually as part of a treatment for cataracts or for correcting other vision problems such as short sightedness and long sightedness; a form of refractive surgery. If the natural lens is left in the eye, the IOL is known as phakic, otherwise it is a pseudophakic lens.

Question 54

convex lens, also called a converging or positive lens

Answer 54

, is thicker in the middle. The light rays that pass through a convex lens converge or are brought closer together. There are various uses of a convex lens like in a microscope, magnifying glasses, camera, correction of hypermetropia, etc.

Convex lenses are used in eyeglasses for correcting farsightedness, where the distance between the eye’s lens and retina is too short, as a result of which the focal point lies behind the retina. Eyeglasses with convex lenses increase refraction, and accordingly reduce the focal length.

Question 55

concave lens is also known as a diverging lens

Answer 55

because it is shaped round inwards at the centre and bulges outwards through the edges, making the light diverge. They are used to treat myopia as they make faraway objects look smaller than they are.

Question 56

Menstrual cramps
Also called: Dysmenorrhea

Question 57

amenorrhea

Answer 57

The absence of monthly menstrual periods.

Question 58

Heavy periods
Also called: Menorrhagia

Question 59

Abnormal bleeding
Also called: Metrorrhagia

Question 60

Meatotomy

Answer 60

is a surgery done to widen the meatus. The meatus is the opening at the tip of the penis where urine leaves the body. Meatotomy is often done because the meatus is too narrow. That’s a condition known as meatal stenosis or urethral stricture. This happens to about 20 percent of circumcised males.

Question 61

Penile implant

Answer 61

penile implant is an implanted device intended for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Peyronie’s disease, ischemic priapism, deformity and any traumatic injury of the penis, and for phalloplasty or metoidioplasty, including in gender-affirming surgery. Men also opt for penile implants for aesthetic purposes

Question 62

Hypospadias repair

Answer 62

is a surgery to fix the location of the opening in the penis when it is not in the right place at the end of the penis.

Hypospadias repair is surgery to correct a defect in the opening of the penis that is present at birth. The urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body) does not end at the tip of the penis

Question 63

epispadias

Answer 63

In hypospadias, the urethra doesn’t fully develop and reach the penis tip. The urethra opening ends up in a different position along the bottom of the penis. In epispadias, the tube also doesn’t form correctly. The opening is on the top of the penis