Pro Natal policies and ageing societies Flashcards
What percentage of China’s population is over 65 as of now?
17.6%
This figure is projected to grow to 36% by 2050.
What is the expected old age dependency ratio in China by 2050?
53%
It will increase from 17% in the current timeframe.
What demographic change is affecting China’s workforce?
A fall in the size of its workforce
The proportion of working-age individuals is declining as more people reach retirement age.
What has traditionally been the method of elderly care in China?
Familial care
This method is evolving due to urbanization and socio-economic changes.
What are the names of the nationwide insurance schemes introduced for China’s elderly?
Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Scheme and New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme
These aim for universal coverage for basic health care needs.
What percentage of respondents in China had a commercial pension?
3%
Only 0.2% had a private occupational pension.
What is one of the main goals of pro-natalist policies in China?
To increase fertility rates
This is aimed at boosting the young workforce to support the elderly population.
What was the infamous policy that China scrapped to address fertility issues?
One-child policy
It was replaced by a two-child policy, which has had little impact.
What is the old age dependency ratio in Japan as of 2019?
47%
This is projected to reach 40% by 2060.
What is a significant financial burden associated with Japan’s ageing population?
Elderly health costs
These costs are up to four times higher than for other age groups.
What are the two pro-natalist policies introduced in Japan?
New Angel Plan (1999) and Plus One Policy (2009)
These aim to improve conditions for having children.
What trend has been observed in female workforce participation in Japan from 2007 to 2019?
Increased from 46.6% to 51.8%
This indicates a growing potential for future workforce growth.
What is Abenomics aimed at addressing?
Increasing the size of the workforce
It incentivizes female labor force participation and includes technological innovation.
What is the expected old age dependency ratio in Italy by 2070?
60%
This reflects the demographic challenges Italy faces.
What is Italy’s fertility rate as mentioned in the document?
1.3
This is indicative of the low birth rate in the country.
What is the ‘baby bonus’ policy in Italy?
A one-time payment of €1,000 for couples having a second child
Additional support exists for women in challenging circumstances.
What is a significant factor affecting Italy’s healthcare system?
80% of healthcare employment comes from immigrants
This raises concerns about the sustainability of the system.
What is a challenge faced by Italy regarding its pension scheme?
Little progress in reforming its pension scheme
This contributes to unsustainable costs.
What is a major issue in Italy’s childbearing support policies?
Lack of coherent system of policies
This includes insufficient family-friendly policies and financial support.
What percentage of GDP does Italy spend on family benefits?
1.58%
This is lower than the OECD average of 2.61%.
