Population Change and demographic transition Flashcards
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
A model that shows the most likely pathway of demographic change over time as a country develops.
What are the four original stages of the DTM?
- Stage 1: High Stationary
- Stage 2: Early Expanding
- Stage 3: Late Expanding
- Stage 4: Low Stationary
What characterizes Stage 1 of the DTM?
High birth rate and death rate, low life expectancy, high infant and child mortality.
What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Death rate falls rapidly while birth rate remains high, leading to rapid population growth.
What is a key factor influencing the high birth rates in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Social-cultural values and norms that do not change quickly.
What defines Stage 3 of the DTM?
Death rate continues to fall, birth rate begins to fall rapidly, and population growth slows.
What is a significant change in Stage 3 of the DTM regarding women?
Increased access to education and employment leading to lower fertility rates.
What characterizes Stage 4 of the DTM?
Low birth and death rates, high life expectancy, and prioritization of smaller family sizes.
What is Stage 5 in the DTM often described as?
Declining population with uncertainty about future trends.
What are the two schools of thought regarding Stage 5 of the DTM?
- Decrease in population due to individualism
- Fall in life expectancy due to health issues
What is population structure?
The relative numbers of people in different gender and age groups.
What can cause gender imbalance in a population structure?
- Socio-cultural biases
- Migration
- Conflict
Why do women generally live longer than men?
- Risk aversion
- Better self-care
- Stronger health bonds
What does a population pyramid represent?
The percentage of the population per age group, with males on one side and females on the other.
What does a squatted pyramid indicate?
Very high fertility rates and a predominantly youthful population.
How is the dependency ratio calculated?
Dividing the active population (ages 15-65) by the dependents (young < 15 and elderly > 65).
What is the significance of the dependency ratio?
It indicates how many dependents each member of the active population supports.
What is a characteristic of Stage 2 population pyramids?
Wide base due to high birth rates and improvement in life expectancy.
True or False: The DTM includes factors like migration and conflict.
False
Fill in the blank: The DTM was devised by _______.
[Warren Thompson]
What is one outcome of improved healthcare in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Increased life expectancy and reduced mortality rates.
What societal changes are observed in Stage 4 of the DTM?
Long educational careers and smaller family sizes.
What does a column-shaped population pyramid indicate?
A stable population with low birth rates and high life expectancy.
What is a factor that might influence the population structure in rural areas?
Migration of men seeking work in cities.
What is the impact of conflict on gender demographics?
Takes a bigger toll on male lives than female lives.
