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Pharmacology > Principles of pharmacology > Flashcards

Principles of pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The biochemical, physiological and molecular effects of a drug on the body

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The fate of a chemical substance administered to a living organism

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3
Q

What are the 4 main steps of the pharmacokinetic process?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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4
Q

What does IA mean for administration of a drug?

A

Intra-arterial

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5
Q

What does PO mean for administration of a drug?

A

Oral

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6
Q

What is the abbreviation for administering a drug via inhalation?

A

INH

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7
Q

What does PR mean for administration of a drug?

A

Retal

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8
Q

What does PV mean for administration of a drug?

A

Vaginal

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9
Q

What is the abbreviation for topical,
transdermal
and intrathecal administration?

A

TOP
TD
IT

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10
Q

Drugs can permeate cell membranes by p____ d_____ though hydrophobic membranes (lipid soluble molecules)

A

passive diffusion

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11
Q

Very small water soluble drugs like lithium can pass membrane by passive diffusion through a_____ p___

A

aqueous pores

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12
Q

Proteins which transport sugars, amino acids, neurotransmitters and trace metals can pass through membrane by c___ m_____ transport

A

carrier mediated

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13
Q

Ionised drugs has poor l___ s_____ and therefore is poorly absorbed

A

lipid solubility

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14
Q

pKa is the proportion at which the drug is 50/50 i_____ and non-i_____

A

ionised

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15
Q

Weak acids are best absorbed in the…

A

stomach

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16
Q

Weak bases are best absorbed in the…

A

intestine

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17
Q

In the stomach, the drug molecule may be digested by g____ e_____

A

gastric enzymes (also may be degraded due to the low pH)

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18
Q

Large of hydro____ molecules are poorly abosrbed

A

hydrophilic

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19
Q

What can determine time between administration and drug release?

A

Capsule coating

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20
Q

P-glycoproteins can remove s____ from intestinal endothelial cells back into GI tract lumen

A

substrates

21
Q

First pass metabolism is the metabolism of drugs preventing them reaching s____ c_____

A

systemic circulation

22
Q

Oral drug absorption

A

Degradation by enzymes in intestinal wall
Into hepatic portal vein
Metabolised via liver enzymes

23
Q

Bioavailability (F)

A

Proportion of administered drug which reaches the systemic circulation

24
Q

True or false: bioavailability is affected by the rate of absorption

A

False

25
Q

Subcutaneous administration has a ____ onset than PO

A

faster

26
Q

Subcutaneous is/ is not as rapid as IV?

A

Is not

27
Q

Is subcutaneous long or short acting?

A

Long acting

28
Q

TD provides c_____ durg release

A

continuous

29
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the body?

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid, fat and intracellular fluid

30
Q

What properties of a drug influence its ability to move between compartments?

A

Molecule size, solubility, protein binding (eg binding to albumin)

31
Q

What does Vd mean?

A

Volume of distribution (theoretical volume of a drug will be distributed in the body)

32
Q

Drugs that are well distributed will have a ____ Vd

A

high

33
Q

The blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

Membrane that separates foreign substances in blood from CNS, continours layer of endothelial cells with tight junction

34
Q

Intrathecal administration can help deliver drugs to reach the ____

A

CNS

35
Q

How might liver impairment affect distribution of drugs?

A

Hypoalbuminaemia means more drug molecules free, not bound to albumin so has greater distribution

36
Q

Drug elimination

A

The process by which the drug becomes no longer available to exert its effect on the body

37
Q

Metabolism

A

Modification of chemical structure to form new chemical entity (metabolite)

38
Q

Summary of phase 1 of metabolism

A

Oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis to introduce reactive group to chemical structure.

39
Q

Which enzymes if mainly responsible for phase 1 of metabolism and where are they mainly located?

A

Cytochrome P450 in the liver

40
Q

What can affect the enzyme activity of CYP450 thereby affecting metabolism of drugs?

A

Genetics (different ethnic groups)

41
Q

Summary phase 2 metabolism

A

Conjugation of functional group to produce hydrophilic, inert molecule

42
Q

Phase 2 involves conjugation of an endogenous functional group to produce a non-reactive p___ moelcule

A

Polar (so hydrophilic)

43
Q

Hydrophilic metabolites can be…

A

renally excreted

44
Q

Drugs and metabolites can be excreted in liquid form by…

A

urine, bile, sweat, tears, breast milk

45
Q

Drugs and metabolites are excreted in solid form by…

A

faeces

46
Q

Drugs and metabolites are excreted in gaseous form by…

A

expired air

47
Q

What are the 3 processes for renal excretion of drugs?

A

Glomerular filtration
Active tubular secretion
Passive reabsorption

48
Q

Reduced _____ function can lead to accumulation and toxicity of r____ cleared drugs

A

Kidney, renally

49
Q
A

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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