Principles of Infection II

Question 1

What is anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 1

Bacteria that grows in the absence of oxygen.

Question 2

What is aerobic bacteria?

Answer 2

Bacteria that requires oxygen to grow.

Question 3

What is facultative bacteria?

Answer 3

BActeria that changes its metabolic processes depending on if oxygen is present.
Respiration and fermentation

Question 4

Key features of a virus

Answer 4

Viruses are not living cells.

Nucleic acid has a coat of protein (capsid)

Question 5

How do viruses work?

Answer 5

Replicate inside the host cell, then burst and spread the infection to other cells

Question 6

The attachment stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 6

Virus attaches to specific molecules on the cell surface

Question 7

Penetration stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 7

The virus enters the cell.

Endocytosed into cell = viral entry

Question 8

Uncoating stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 8

The outer protein coat (capsid) is removed.

Exposing the nucleic acid.

Question 9

Replication stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 9

Synthesis of nucleic acid (mRNA) and synthesis of protein coats.
viral protein synthesis occurs

Question 10

Assembly stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 10

Protein modification = Maturation

Question 11

Release stage in the reproduction of virus:

Answer 11

Virus is released from the host cell by Lyisis

Question 12

What is lysis?

Answer 12

Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell

Question 13

How is a virus released?

Answer 13

By cell lysis

Question 14

What is opsonization?

Answer 14

Phagocytic cells attach to an antibody = phagocytosis

Question 15

What are anatomical barriers?

Answer 15

Tough/intact barriers that prevent entry of microbiomes

Question 16

Main White Blood Cells

Answer 16

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes

Question 17

What is created during the secondary and primary response?

Answer 17

Memory cells

Question 18

What is the role of memory cells?

Answer 18

Provide a quicker immune response.

They remember the specific antigen protein

Question 19

The three mechanisms that antibodies go through:

Answer 19

Neutralization
Complement recruitment
Opsonization

Question 20

What is complement recruitment?

Answer 20

Antigen-antibody complexes are activated. The immune system responds to the bacteria

Question 21

What are the 4 main stages of infection?

Answer 21

Transmission
Infection
Pathogenicity
Virulence

Question 22

What are the types of invasions?

Answer 22

Intracellular

Extracellular

Question 23

List the the host cells defences against bacteria

Answer 23

Cell wall
Capsules - phagocytosis
Toxins

Question 24

2 host defence cells:

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Question 25

What are the main evade host defences against viruses?

Answer 25

Antigenic Drift

Antigenic Shift

Question 26

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 26

This enables bacteria to respond and adapt to their environment.
They share common pathogenic mechanisms and antibiotic resistance

Question 27

How are virulence factors determined?

Answer 27

Genetically determined

Question 28

What is a pilus?

Answer 28

Cell adhesion mechanism - thin tube like structure.

Question 29

What is a donar bacterium?

Answer 29

The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor,( F-factor).