Pathophysiology of inflammation

Question 1

what is physiology?

Answer 1

the science of the function of living things

Question 2

what does pathophysiology mean?

Answer 2

the study of the disordered physiological process that causes/ results from or associated with a disease or injury

Question 3

what does pathology mean?

Answer 3

the scientific study of the disease itself

Question 4

what is disease?

Answer 4

A condition where the presence of an abnormailty is sufficient to cause a loss of normal health

Question 5

what are some causes of inflammation?

Answer 5

Microbial infection 
Allergy 
Physical agents 
Chemicals 
Tissue necrosis

Question 6

What are the 5 clinical features of acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat 
Tumor - swelling 
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function

Question 7

what is suppuration?

Answer 7

When there is too much inflammation = this can lead to suppuration which is a process by which pus forms

Question 8

what type of process is inflammation?

Answer 8

physiological process

Question 9

what is cystitis?

Answer 9

inflammation of the bladder due to a urinary tract infection

Question 10

what are inflammatory mediators?

Answer 10

messengers that act in cells and blood vessel to promote an inflammatory response.

Question 11

what is the general mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Answer 11

COX enzyme inhibitors

Question 12

what are the sub-categories of inflammatory mediators?

Answer 12

• simple compounds (amines)
• peptides and proteins
• Eicosanoids (generated from fatty acid precursors)

Question 13

examples of simple compound (amines) inflammatory mediators.

Answer 13

Histamine

Serotonin (5HT)

Question 14

examples of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators.

Answer 14

Prostanoids
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins
Resolvins

Question 15

examples of peptide and protein inflammatory mediators.

Answer 15

cytokinins

bradykinin

Question 16

What is included in the cytokines sub-category?

Answer 16

interleukins
interferons (INF)
chemokines
colony stimulating factors

Question 17

What is the role of interleukins?

Answer 17

Signal between white blood cells and other functions.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory

Question 18

What is the role of interferons (INF)?

Answer 18

Interfere with viral replication

Question 19

What is is the role of chemokines?

Answer 19

control the migration of white blood cells

Question 20

What is the role of colony stimulating factors?

Answer 20

stimulate the formation of maturing colonies of WBC

Question 21

what is the TNF?

Answer 21

Tumour Necrosis Factor;

a signalling protein that binds to the transmembrane receptor and triggers activation of the inflammation pathway

Question 22

what role does the complement cascade have?

Answer 22

Follow-up activation that maintains and amplifies process.

Opsonisation

Question 23

what role do lysosomes have?

Answer 23

Digests intracellular components. Fuse with phagosomes to down material

Question 24

What is the vascular response for inflammation?

Answer 24

Vasodilation (Increase blood flow)

An increase in vascular leakiness

Question 25

What are the 4 main cascade types?

Answer 25

Kinin Complement Coagulation Fibrinolytic

Question 26

What is the role of the Kinin Cascade?

Answer 26

Opens vessels Increases vascular permeability and mobilises pain (Vasodilation)

Question 27

What is the role of the coagulation cascade?

Answer 27

seals bleeding site

Question 28

What is the role of the Fibrinolytic cascade?

Answer 28

Doesn't allow too much clotting.

Question 29

What does Nitric Oxide cause?

Answer 29

Vasodilation of the blood vessels. This aids the immune response.

Question 30

What are antigen presenting cells?

Answer 30

A group of immune cells that mediate the cellular response; Dendritic cells Macrophages

Question 31

What role do antigen presenting cells have?

Answer 31

They process and present antigens for recognition

Question 32

Explain the antigen presenting process.

Answer 32

``` Cells process a protein antigen. This is broken down into peptides, presented with class 11 ```

Question 33

What is a surveillance mechanism for inflammation?

Answer 33

pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells

Question 34

What do surveillance mechanisms respond to?

Answer 34

To pathogen - associated molecular patterns

Question 35

What is fluid exudate?

Answer 35

Fluid filters from the circulatory system into areas of inflammation and lesions. = clear like fluid or pus

Question 36

What is cellular exudate?

Answer 36

A fluid rich in protein and cellular elements that oozes out of blood vessels due to inflammation and is deposited in nearby tissues.

Question 37

What are 2 processes are antigen presenting cells involved in?

Answer 37

Innate and Adaptive immunity

Question 38

What pathway is antigen presenting cells?

Answer 38

Endocytic pathway

Question 39

What is the Lymphatic system?

Answer 39

Network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials

Question 40

State the primary role of the lymphatic system.

Answer 40

Transports Lymph around the body

Question 41

What does Lymph consist of?

Answer 41

White blood cells, (lymphocytes) | Chyle (fluid from the intestines containing proteins and fats)

Question 42

What is the role of immature CD4 cells?

Answer 42

Produces helper cells

Question 43

What is the role of helper cells?

Answer 43

Help the T-cells with its cytotoxic roles

Question 44

How does inflammation start?

Answer 44

Trigger, Detection, Signalling Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and damage-associated molecular patter (DAMPS) are recognised by sentinel cells Damage can directly release histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 45

examples of immune sentinel cells?

Answer 45

macrophage, monocytes and mast cells

Question 46

What is the role of sentinel cells?

Answer 46

They patrol the body for signs of infection as the have pattern recognition receptors that release inflammatory mediators when bound

Question 47

What happens after an inflammatory signal has been released?

Answer 47

PAMP and DAMP release cytokines, histamines and prostaglandins. These mediators cause vasodilation (Rubor, calor) and increases vascular leakiness (Tumor)

Question 48

What does fluid exudate comprise of?

Answer 48

``` Clotting factors Coagulation cascade Fibrinolytic cascade Kinin cascade Complement cascade - releases histamine and opsonisation ```

Question 49

What is antibody opsonization?

Answer 49

Pathogen is marked/ tagged for destruction by opsonins that allow recognition by the immune system of the body

Question 50

What is cellular exudate?

Answer 50

- Chemokines attract circulating cells - Adhesion molecules e.g. E-selectin increases adherence to endothelial cells, allowing migration into tissues - Neutrophils predominate

Question 51

Explain antigen presentation

Answer 51

Antigen is processed by cell and presented with major histocompatibility complex. These proteins are found on cell surfaces and help the immune system recognise foriegn substances.