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Fundamentals Of Science > Pathophysiology of inflammation > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of inflammation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is physiology?

A

the science of the function of living things

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2
Q

what does pathophysiology mean?

A

the study of the disordered physiological process that causes/ results from or associated with a disease or injury

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3
Q

what does pathology mean?

A

the scientific study of the disease itself

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4
Q

what is disease?

A

A condition where the presence of an abnormailty is sufficient to cause a loss of normal health

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5
Q

what are some causes of inflammation?

A 
Microbial infection 
Allergy 
Physical agents 
Chemicals 
Tissue necrosis
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6
Q

What are the 5 clinical features of acute inflammation?

A 
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat 
Tumor - swelling 
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function
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7
Q

what is suppuration?

A

When there is too much inflammation = this can lead to suppuration which is a process by which pus forms

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8
Q

what type of process is inflammation?

A

physiological process

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9
Q

what is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder due to a urinary tract infection

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10
Q

what are inflammatory mediators?

A

messengers that act in cells and blood vessel to promote an inflammatory response.

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11
Q

what is the general mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

A

COX enzyme inhibitors

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12
Q

what are the sub-categories of inflammatory mediators?

A
  • simple compounds (amines)
  • peptides and proteins
  • Eicosanoids (generated from fatty acid precursors)
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13
Q

examples of simple compound (amines) inflammatory mediators.

A

Histamine

Serotonin (5HT)

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14
Q

examples of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators.

A

Prostanoids
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins
Resolvins

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15
Q

examples of peptide and protein inflammatory mediators.

A

cytokinins

bradykinin

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16
Q

What is included in the cytokines sub-category?

A

interleukins
interferons (INF)
chemokines
colony stimulating factors

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17
Q

What is the role of interleukins?

A

Signal between white blood cells and other functions.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory

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18
Q

What is the role of interferons (INF)?

A

Interfere with viral replication

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19
Q

What is is the role of chemokines?

A

control the migration of white blood cells

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20
Q

What is the role of colony stimulating factors?

A

stimulate the formation of maturing colonies of WBC

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21
Q

what is the TNF?

A

Tumour Necrosis Factor;

a signalling protein that binds to the transmembrane receptor and triggers activation of the inflammation pathway

22
Q

what role does the complement cascade have?

A

Follow-up activation that maintains and amplifies process.

Opsonisation

23
Q

what role do lysosomes have?

A

Digests intracellular components. Fuse with phagosomes to down material

24
Q

What is the vascular response for inflammation?

A

Vasodilation (Increase blood flow)

An increase in vascular leakiness

25
Q

What are the 4 main cascade types?

A

Kinin
Complement
Coagulation
Fibrinolytic

26
Q

What is the role of the Kinin Cascade?

A

Opens vessels
Increases vascular permeability and mobilises pain
(Vasodilation)

27
Q

What is the role of the coagulation cascade?

A

seals bleeding site

28
Q

What is the role of the Fibrinolytic cascade?

A

Doesn’t allow too much clotting.

29
Q

What does Nitric Oxide cause?

A

Vasodilation of the blood vessels. This aids the immune response.

30
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

A group of immune cells that mediate the cellular
response;
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

31
Q

What role do antigen presenting cells have?

A

They process and present antigens for recognition

32
Q

Explain the antigen presenting process.

A 
Cells process a protein antigen.  
This is broken down into peptides, presented with class 11
33
Q

What is a surveillance mechanism for inflammation?

A

pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells

34
Q

What do surveillance mechanisms respond to?

A

To pathogen - associated molecular patterns

35
Q

What is fluid exudate?

A

Fluid filters from the circulatory system into areas of inflammation and lesions.
= clear like fluid or pus

36
Q

What is cellular exudate?

A

A fluid rich in protein and cellular elements that oozes out of blood vessels due to inflammation and is deposited in nearby tissues.

37
Q

What are 2 processes are antigen presenting cells involved in?

A

Innate and Adaptive immunity

38
Q

What pathway is antigen presenting cells?

A

Endocytic pathway

39
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials

40
Q

State the primary role of the lymphatic system.

A

Transports Lymph around the body

41
Q

What does Lymph consist of?

A

White blood cells, (lymphocytes)

Chyle (fluid from the intestines containing proteins and fats)

42
Q

What is the role of immature CD4 cells?

A

Produces helper cells

43
Q

What is the role of helper cells?

A

Help the T-cells with its cytotoxic roles

44
Q

How does inflammation start?

A

Trigger, Detection, Signalling

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and damage-associated molecular patter (DAMPS) are recognised by sentinel cells

Damage can directly release histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

45
Q

examples of immune sentinel cells?

A

macrophage, monocytes and mast cells

46
Q

What is the role of sentinel cells?

A

They patrol the body for signs of infection as the have pattern recognition receptors that release inflammatory mediators when bound

47
Q

What happens after an inflammatory signal has been released?

A

PAMP and DAMP release cytokines, histamines and prostaglandins.

These mediators cause vasodilation (Rubor, calor)
and increases vascular leakiness (Tumor)

48
Q

What does fluid exudate comprise of?

A 
Clotting factors
Coagulation cascade
Fibrinolytic cascade
Kinin cascade 
Complement cascade - releases histamine and opsonisation
49
Q

What is antibody opsonization?

A

Pathogen is marked/ tagged for destruction by opsonins that allow recognition by the immune system of the body

50
Q

What is cellular exudate?

A
  • Chemokines attract circulating cells
  • Adhesion molecules e.g. E-selectin increases adherence to endothelial cells, allowing migration into tissues
  • Neutrophils predominate
51
Q

Explain antigen presentation

A

Antigen is processed by cell and presented with major histocompatibility complex.

These proteins are found on cell surfaces and help the immune system recognise foriegn substances.

Fundamentals Of Science (27 decks)

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