Pathophysiology of inflammation II Flashcards
What are the two main triggers of autoimmune disease?
Genetics
Environment
What are the two main phases of adaptive immunity?
Induction phase
Effector phase
What is the induction phase?
A pathogen is ingested by immature dendritic cells in the infected tissue
What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells?
To kill intracellular pathogens
What is the effector phase?
Identifies and destroys foreign substances
By:
Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
State two types of immunity.
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Where do B cells mature?
In the bone marrow, making antibodies
Where do T cells mature?
Mature in the thymus, cell mediated immunity
What is humoral immunity?
B cells make antibodies
Effective in extracellular fluid
What is cell mediated immunity?
Cytotoxic T cells kill intracellular microorganisms
Activate macrophages
List the different types antibodies made by the B cells?
IgG = memory antibodies IgM = controls B cell activation IgE = Mediates allergies IgA = Surface fluids IgD = Signal for B cell activation
What is constitutional symptoms?
A group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body.
List the systematic effects of inflammation
Malaise Fatigue Anorexia Nausea Muscle aches
The effect of the liver (systematic effects of inflammation)
Releases acute phase response proteins (C -reactive protein)
What are Pyrogens?
They are produced by bacteria and cause fever
Explain the role of M2 macrophages
Tissue repair and healing
Explain the innate immune system activation.
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the immune cells
What is cellulitis?
inflammation of the skin
What is exudate?
Fluid from inflammation that leaks into lungs and pleura
Define autoimmune disease
Abnormal detection between the body’s own cells and foreign cells causing the body to mistakenly attack its healthy cells
Define Fibrosis
Fibrosis = Thickening & Scarring of connective tissue as a result of injury
List the stages of autoimmune disease
Initiation Propagation Resolution Propagation Resolution
What are the benefits of Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medication?
Benefits =
Relieve symptoms of inflammation, swelling and loss of function
Reduce tissue damage due to chronic inflammation
What are the adverse effects of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medication?
Anti-inflammatories may prevent healing
Allowing activity by suppressing pain
Immunosuppressants suppress other inflammatory responses e.g. Infection - which may become severe
List the different treatments of hypersensitivity:
Anti-histamines
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Monoclonal antibodies
Corticosteroids (multiple actions)
Examples of environmental triggers
Infection
Microbiome
Tissue injury
Examples of genetic triggers
Multiple genetic polymorphisms in immune-related genes impair immune regulation
List 2 types of auto reactive lymphocytes
Autoreactive T cells
Autoreactive B cells
How do NSAIDs bring/ inhibit a response?
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, preventing the inflammatory pathway
How do Corticosteroids bring/ inhibit a response?
Decrease production and action of cytokines and eicosanoids
Decrease complement (Effecting fluid exudate)
Cause vasoconstriction
Decreasing the influx and activity of neutrophils
Decrease activity of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells
Reduce fibrosis and angiogenesis
2 processes involved in the regulation of inflammation
Pro-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory
What are DMARDs?
Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
are immunosuppressants that reduce immune cell proliferation.
What are biologics?
synthetic antibodies that target cytokines
