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Fundamentals Of Science > Principles Of Infection I > Flashcards

Principles Of Infection I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
They can exist as a single cell or in a colony of cells

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2
Q

Classifications of microorganisms.

A 
Helminths = Animals 
Fungi = Fungi 
Algae = Algae
Protozoa = Protozoa 
Archer = crenachaeota
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3
Q

What is the definition of Infection?

A

A transmissible, communicable form of disease which is caused by microorganisms (Including Viruses)

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4
Q

What are the five stages of infection?

A 
Incubation
Prodromal 
Illness
Decline 
Convalescence
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5
Q

Give examples of different sub-types of infection

A

Viral
Fungal
Parasitic
Bacterial

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6
Q

What cell type is a bacterial cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

What type of infection is easier to treat/Kill with antibiotics?

A

Gram positive

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8
Q

What are the key features of bacterial cells?

A

There is no nucleus
They have a peptidogyclan cell wall.
Have circular DNA
Lack of membrane bound organelles

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9
Q

What are the two gram stains that can be achieved?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

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10
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Non-specific defence system which can act quickly; within minutes and hours
Present from birth
innate immune responses are the first line of defence​ against invading pathogens.

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11
Q

What are anatomical barriers?

A

Tough/ intact barriers which prevent entry and colonisation of many microbes

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12
Q

List Examples of anatomical barriers

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Bony encasements

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13
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

Very small and can kill bacteria directly

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14
Q

What is the first line of defence of all multicellular organisms?

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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15
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells

A 
Neutrophils
Basophils 
Eosinophils 
Monocytes 
Lymphocytes
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16
Q

What is the mechanism of the innate immune system?

A

Skin
Chemicals in the blood
Immune system. cells attack foreign cells in the body

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17
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Highly specialised systems that take longer to produce (time) to produce antigens within the body.

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18
Q

Give some examples of antimicrobial peptides?

A

Cationic peptides
noncationic peptides
Glycopeptide vancomycin

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19
Q

What are cationic peptides?

A

Short peptides secreted by the immune/ epithelial cells

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20
Q

What cells are involves in cell mediated response?

A

T - cells

21
Q

What cells does the humeral response involve?

A

Antimicrobial peptides, antibodies

B cells/ antibodies

22
Q

What are the 2 responses antibodies are involved in?

A

Primary & secondary response

23
Q

What does the primary response involve?

A

Memory cells are low in levels, slower response

24
Q

What does the secondary response involve?

A

Memory cells are high in levels

Much faster response

25
Q

What is human microbiota?

A

All microorganisms living in and on a human

26
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

All genes of all microbiota

27
Q

List infections caused by bacterial cells.

A

Cholera
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Bacterial meningitis

28
Q

What is the difference between gram negative & gram positive stains

A

Gram positive keeps the purple stain

Gram negative loses the purple stain (turns pink)

29
Q

Why does the gram negative cell lose the purple stain?

A

Due to the presence of the peptidoglycan cell wall

30
Q

What is the structure of a gram negative cell?

A

Thin layers of peptidoglycan walls but there are two; outer and inner lipid membranes which makes it harder to penetrate the cell wall

31
Q

What is the structure of gram positive cell

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan wall but there is no outer lipid membrane
Has one inner plasma membrane and this can be penetrated easily by antibiotics

32
Q

What is easier to kill with antibiotics?

A

Gram positive

33
Q

What are the main bacterial shapes?

A

Cocci - spherical bacteria
Bacilli - rod shaped bacteria
Spirilla - spiral shaped bacteria
Vibrio - curved bacteria

34
Q

What are the three main types of bacteria in regards to oxygen?

A

Faculatative anaerobes
Anaerobic organisms
Aerobic organisms

35
Q

What are the stages of viral reproduction?

A 
Attachment 
Penetration 
Uncoating 
Replication of nucleic acid and synthesis of protein coats
Assembly 
Release
36
Q

What are the 4 stages of infection?

A

Transmission
Infection
Pathogenicity
Virulence

37
Q

What is the transmission stage of infection?

A

Host acquires the organism

38
Q

What is the infection stage of infection?

A

Organism has to reproduce inside the host

39
Q

What is the pathogenicity stage of infection?

A

Interacting with the host in a way that causes disease

40
Q

What is the virulence stage of infection?

A

This is the severity of the disease

41
Q

What are the main factors of virulence?

A

Adhere to and invade host tissues
Evade host defences
Proliferate in the host
Cause damage = produce toxins

42
Q

What does virulence factors allow to take place?

A

Enables the host to replicate and spread within a host

43
Q

How do we evade host defences

A

Can be achieved by entering the bloodstream

44
Q

What is the name given to the production of toxins?

A

Toxigenicity

45
Q

What is an antigenic drift?

A

Small changes in viral antigens due to point mutations in genes.
It makes the virus harder for adaptive immune system to recognise.

46
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Major changes in viral antigens due to gene reassortment.

Makes virus much harder for adaptive immune system to recognise.

47
Q

How do virulence factors arise?

A

Encoded and translated for genes in chromosomal DNA

48
Q

State some infections due to virus.

A

Flu
Smallpox
Common cold
HIV/AIDS

Fundamentals Of Science (27 decks)

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