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Fundamentals Of Science > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the activation of B1 adrenoreceptors lead to?

A

An increase in cAMP

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2
Q

What are beta adrenal receptors more sensitive to?

A

Adrenaline

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3
Q

What are alpha 1 adrenal receptors coupled to?

A

Phospholipase C

= increase in calcium

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4
Q

What are the B-adrenoreceptors coupled to?

A

Adenylate cyclise

Increase in phospolipase C

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter is released in every ganglia? (pre-ganglionic)

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

what is the length of the pre-ganglionic fibre in the PNS?

A

long pre-ganglionic fibre

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7
Q

what is the length of the pre-ganglionic fibre in the SNS?

A

short pre-ganglionic fibre

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8
Q

what are examples of single input tissues, in the SNS?

A

blood vessels

sweat glands

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9
Q

what are example of single input tissues in the PNS?

A

bronchial smooth muscle

ciliary muscle of the eye

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10
Q

How are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activated?

A

by the binding of 2 molecules of acetylcholine which causes an ion pathway to open

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11
Q

what does the activation of M3 receptors cause?

A

causes the contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle.

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12
Q

what is the cause of M3 receptor activation?

A

M3 receptors are coupled to phospholipase C.
There is increased activation of phospholipase C
= increased calcium release

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13
Q

what receptor type are secretions controlled by?

A

Muscarinic receptors

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14
Q

what receptors do acetylcholine bind to?

A

nicotinic receptors

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15
Q

where are parasympathetic nerves found?

A

salivary glands
GI tract
Heart

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16
Q

where are sympathetic nerves found?

A

arteries
sweat glands
adrenal glands
heart

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17
Q

what is the outflow of the sympathetic system?

A

thoraco-lumbar

18
Q

what is the outflow of the parasympathetic system?

A

cranio-saccral

19
Q

what is the cranial nerve X also referred to?

A

Vagus

this goes to the heart, kidneys, GI tract and colon

20
Q

what does the vagal nerve do to the cardiovascular system?

A

it slows the heart rate

21
Q

what are some of the physiological responses that the PNS produces?

A

pupil constriction
slows heart rate
stimulates urination
stimulates saliva and tear production

22
Q

what are some of the physiological responses that the SNS produces?

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction
increases cardiac rate and force
airway relaxation and vascular dilatation

23
Q

what post-ganglionic chemical is released from the PNS?

A

acetylcholine

24
Q

what post-ganglionic chemical is released from the SNS?

A

noradrenaline

25
Q

In the SNS, what are the types of receptors?

A

Adrenoreceptors
Alpha 1,2
Beta 1,2,3

26
Q

In the PNS, what are the types of receptors?

A

Muscarininc receptors

M1-5

27
Q

what do adrenoreceptors release?

A

noradrenaline

28
Q

what do muscarinic receptors release

A

acetylcholine

29
Q

what does alpha 1 receptor cause? (sympathetic effect)

A

contraction of vascular smooth muscle

30
Q

what does alpha 2 receptor cause? (sympathetic effect)

A

inhibition of transmitter release

31
Q

what does Beta 1 receptors cause? (sympathetic effect)

A

main cardiac effects

32
Q

what does beta 2 receptors cause? (sympathetic effect)

A

relaxation of airways/vascular dilatation

33
Q

what is the cause of contraction of arterial smooth muscle?

A

adrenaline/noradrenaline interacts with alpha 1 adrenoreceptors
= increase in phospholipase C

34
Q

what is the cause of the inhibition of sympathetic nerve transmission?

A

decreased adenylate cyclase = reduced release and influx of calcium

35
Q

which muscarinic receptors have phospholipase C as their enzyme?

A

M1, M3 and M5

the odds

36
Q

which muscarinic receptors have adenylate cyclase as their enzyme?

A

M2 and M4

37
Q

what are the cardiac effects due to M2 muscarinic receptor activation?

A

decreased cardiac activity due to a decrease in cAMP

38
Q

which receptor contracts non-vascular smooth muscle?

A

M3

39
Q

which receptor contracts vascular smooth muscle

A

alpha 1

40
Q

what is the effect of M3 receptors on secretory cells?

A

increases secretions

41
Q

Botulinum toxin paralyses muscles. What mechanism underlies this effect?

A

It degrades vesicle release proteins

Fusion of the vesicle storing acetylcholine with the cell membrane is mediated by vesicular release or SNARE proteins that couple in a calcium-dependent manner. These SNARE proteins are degraded by Botulinum Toxin (BoTox) as well as beta-Bungarotoxin.

Fundamentals Of Science (27 decks)

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