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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Principles of Endocrine Control > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrine Control Flashcards

1
Q

Define glands:

A

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting

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2
Q

Define secretion:

A

By chemical release from a particular type of cell upon stimulation

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3
Q

Define endocrine:

A

Internal secretion where secretion enters bloodstream (ductless glands)

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4
Q

Define exocrine:

A

Glands with ducts which channels it secretion

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5
Q

What sort of gland is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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6
Q

Define hormone:

A

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood by endocrine glands in response to signal exerting their effect on the target cells have receptor that bind with the hormones

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7
Q

What are the two main subjects that we classify hormones on?

A
  • Based on solubility

- Based on structure

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8
Q

How do we class hormones based on their solubility?

A
  • hydrophilic or water-soluble (peptides and catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline)
  • Lipophilic or lipid soluble (Steroid and thyroid hormones)
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9
Q

How do we class hormones based on their structure?

A
  • Peptides (chain of specific amino acids)
  • Amines (derivatives of amino acids, tryptophan or tyrosine)
  • Steroids (Cholesterol derived lipids)
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10
Q

How are peptide produced?

A

Normal protein synthesis

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11
Q

How is steroids produced?

A

Modification of cholesterol molecule by enzymes

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12
Q

How do peptides travel in the body?

A

Blood in solution

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13
Q

How do steroids travel in the body?

A

Blood bound to plasma proteins

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14
Q

Can peptides enter cells?

A

No as lipid bilayer cell membrane

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15
Q

Can steroids enter cells?

A

Yes, easily

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16
Q

How do peptides effect a cell if they can’t enter on?

A

They bind to cell surface receptors

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17
Q

Does peptides or steroid bind to an intracellular receptor?

A

Steroids

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18
Q

What do peptides do?

A

Tigger event on inside surface of membrane

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19
Q

What do peptides act as?

A

Second messenger system

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20
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Act on DNA to alter cell function

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21
Q

Which is fast acting steroids or peptides?

A

Peptides

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22
Q

Which is slow acting steroids or peptides?

A

Steroids

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23
Q

What are examples of peptide hormone signal transduction?

A

-Cyclic AMP
-Protein kinase activity
-Calcium/Phosphoinostides
Cyclic GMP

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24
Q

What kind of receptors fo cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and calcium ions have?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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25
Q

Give an example of G-protein coupled receptors for cyclic AMP?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline,
glucagon, FSH, LH, TSH, Calcitonin,
parathyroid hormone, antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

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26
Q

Give an example of G-protein coupled receptors for cyclic GMP?

A

Atrial naturetic hormone, nitric oxide

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27
Q

What kind of receptors fo protein kinase

A

insulin, prolactin and growth hormones

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28
Q

Give an example of G-protein coupled receptors for calcium ions?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline,

angiotensin II, ADH, GnRH, TRH

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29
Q

Finish the sentence:

Activation of the secondary messenger is a….

A

universal mechanism

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30
Q

What is the secondary messenger used by?

A

variety of extracellular messengers in addition to hydrophilic hormones

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31
Q

How does a steroid hormone work?

A
  • Hormone passes through cell membrane
  • Binding to transcription control of gene
  • Transcription beings
  • mRNA produced
  • Leading to cellar response
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32
Q

List 11 human endocrine organs?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Kidney
  • Stomach
  • Pancreatic Islets
  • Duodenum and Jejum
  • Ovary
  • Testis
33
Q

What is the overall role of the endocrine system?

A
  • Metabolism, water and electrolyte balance
  • Stress response
  • Growth and development
  • Reproduction
  • Red cell production
  • Coordination of circulation
  • Coordination of digestion
34
Q

What does the gland testis release?

A

Testosterone

35
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A
  • Masculinises the reproductive tract and external genitalia
  • Promote growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Develops sex drive
  • Secondary sexual characteristics
36
Q

How do we have an increase of testosterone at puberty?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) increases the LH on the leydig cells which increase the testosterone levels.

37
Q

How do we have an increase in spermatogenesis at puberty?

A

GnRH increases FSH on the sertoli cells which increases spermatogenesis. Also testosterone increases spermatogenesis

38
Q

Is there a negative feedback systems in the control of testicular function?

A

Yes increase in testosterone decreases the level of LH and GnRh if too high

39
Q

What hormone is recreated by sertoli?

40
Q

What does inhibin control?

A

Production of FSH by anterior pituitary bu negative feedback

41
Q

What gland produces oestrogen and progesterone hormones?

42
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

A
  • Maturation and maintenance of reproductive system
  • Female secondary sexual characteristics
  • Ova maturation and release
  • Transport of sperm to site of fertilisation
  • Preparing uterus for development of embryo and foetus
  • Breasts ability to produce milk
43
Q

How do we increase the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in puberty?

A

GnRH increase release of LH and FSH at the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum which increases the oestrogen and progesterone levels

44
Q

Is there a negative feedback system in the control of ovarian function?

A

Yes, Oestrogen and progesterone levels increases the less GnRH is produced

45
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary- gonad axis regulate?

A

Production of testosterone by testes in males and

oestrogen and progesterone by ovaries in females.

46
Q

What is meant by autocrine?

A

Cell secretes a chemical messenger and that chemical messenger has an effect on the same cell as the cell has a receptor for that

47
Q

What is meant by paracrine?

A

Chemical messenger is produced from one type of cell which acts locally but on a different type of cell

48
Q

Where are the hypothalamus and pituitary located?

A

In the brain

49
Q

What is the hypothalamus and pituitary part of?

A

The central nervous system

50
Q

What is the structure of pituitary?

A

Small pouch like structure in a bone cavity

51
Q

What is the structure of the hypothalamus?

A

Doesn’t really have one

52
Q

What are the hypothalamus and pituitary linked by?

A

pituitary stalk

53
Q

What is the size of the pituitary?

A

Size of a pea 1g

54
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

neural ends of neurones that originated in the hypothalamus

55
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

glandular cells which produce various hormones

56
Q

What is the connection called between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Vascular connection

57
Q

What is the vascular connection?

A

Neurones in the hypothalamus produce certain hormones which travel through this connection to stimulate the cells in the pituitary to produce their own hormones

58
Q

Where is GnRH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

59
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Stimulates release of gonadotopes

60
Q

What are the leydic cells in testes?

A

Site of production of testes

61
Q

What are the Sertolli cells in testes?

A

Site of production of sperm

62
Q

How is the scrotum held in position?

A

Spermatic cords

63
Q

What is the testes covered by?

A

Fibrous capsule

64
Q

What are fibrous capsules made out of?

A

leydig cells and sertolli cells

65
Q

What is the uterus?

A

strong muscular structure present in the pelvic region

66
Q

What are the ovaries made out of?

A

many sac like structures called ovarian follicles

67
Q

What are ovarian follicles?

A

Contain oocyte and cells that produce oestrogen and progesterone

68
Q

What is connected to the ovaries?

A

Fallopian tubes

69
Q

What is connected to both the sides of the uterus?

A

Fallopian tubes

70
Q

Describe the development of the ovarian follicles:

A
  • Primordial follicle (13-50 years)
  • Primary follicle (prenatal follicle 45 days)
  • Secondary follicle (antal follicle)
  • Graafian follicle (mature follicle)
  • Ovulation
71
Q

What is the lining of uterus called?

A

endometrium

72
Q

Are there low or high levels of oestrogen at the pre-ovulation stage?

73
Q

What stimulates the development of follicles?

74
Q

What causes ovulation?

75
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

steroid sex hormone which developed sex characteristics and thin cervical tissue

76
Q

What is progesterone?

A

Steroid sex hormone causes corpus luteum after ovulation

77
Q

What is ovulation?

A

releasing of the egg from ovaries at 14th day of 28 day cycle

78
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum (CL) if no fertilisation?

A
  • CL degenerates spontaneously
  • Progesterone levels fall
  • Uterus loses endocrine support
  • Menstruation
  • FHS and LH work again on follicles
79
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum (CL) if fertilisation?

A
  • CL maintained by hCG from the chorion
  • Becomes the Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy
  • Maintains uterine lining until placenta takes over as main producer of progesterone at 3 months

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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