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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and the spine

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Everything that’s not the brain and spine

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3
Q

What is another name for sensory?

A

Afferent

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4
Q

What is included in the sensory?

A
  • Sight
  • Touch
  • Hearing
  • Tast
  • Smell
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5
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Motor
  • Splits in to autonomic and somatic
  • Autonomic splits into: Parasympathetic and sympathetic and enteric
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6
Q

What is another name for motor?

A

Efferent

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7
Q

What is the somatic effectors?

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Is the somatic response voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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9
Q

Is the automatic response voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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10
Q

What are the effectors involved in the automatic response?

A

Cardiac muscle/smooth muscle/exocrine glands/some endocrine glands/adipose tissue

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11
Q

What is the phrase used to explain the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest

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12
Q

What is the phrase used to explain the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight and flight

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13
Q

What are the effector for enteric?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have in the brain?

A

12 pairs

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15
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Abducens
  • Trochlear
  • Oculomotor
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16
Q

What are the intermediate nerve for sensory?

A

Soft palate and anterior tongue

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17
Q

What are the intermediate nerve for motor?

A

Sublingual and submaxillary gland

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18
Q

What type of nerve is olfactory?

A

Sensory - smell

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19
Q

What type of nerve is optic?

A

Sensory - sight

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20
Q

What type of nerve is trigeminal?

A

Sensory - face, sinuses and teeth

Motor - muscles of mastication

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21
Q

What type of nerve is facial?

A

Motor - muscle of the face

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22
Q

What type of nerve is glossopharyngeal?

A

Sensory - tonsil, pharynx, posterior tongue

Motor - Pharyngeal musculature

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23
Q

What type of nerve is vagus?

A

Sensory - Heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
Motor - heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract

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24
Q

What type of nerve is accessory?

A

Motor - sternocleidomastoid and trapezium muscles

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25
Q

What type of never is hypoglossal?

A

Motor - muscle of the tongue

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26
Q

What type of nerve is vestibulocohlear?

A

Sensory - inner ear

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27
Q

What type of nerve is abducens?

A

Motor - external rectus muscle

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28
Q

What type of nerve is trochlear?

A

Motor - Superior oblique muscle

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29
Q

What type of nerve is oculomotor?

A

All eye muscles expect for external rectus and superior oblique muscles

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30
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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31
Q

How is the spine split up?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
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32
Q

What are the sections in the brainstem?

A

iii,
vii,
ix,
x

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33
Q

What are the sections in the cervical?

A

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8

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34
Q

What are the sections in the thoracic?

A

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12

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35
Q

What are the sections in the lumbar?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4, L5

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36
Q

What are the sections in the sacral?

A

S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

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37
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

Cluster of neural bodies outside of the CNS

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38
Q

What are examples of sensory ganglia?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

Cranial nerves

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39
Q

What are examples of autonomic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Terminal ganglia

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40
Q

What are preganglionic neurones?

A

Neurons from brain stem and spinal neurones

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41
Q

What happens in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Axon extends to and synapses with cell of 2nd neurones that lies in ganglion
  • Axon of this neurones or postganglionic fibre supplies effector cells
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42
Q

What are the preganglionic neurons like in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Long

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43
Q

What are the postganglionic neurons like in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

short

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44
Q

What are the preganglionic neurons like in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Short

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45
Q

What are the postganglionic neurons like in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Long

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46
Q

What is meant by a two neural chain?

A

preganglionic to postganglionic fibre

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47
Q

What are the sympathetic nerve fibre?

A

Lateral horn of thoracic/lumbar

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48
Q

What are the parasympathetic nerve fibre?

A

cranial/sacral areas of CNS

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49
Q

Where are myelin in peripheral nervous system derived from?

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

Where are myelin in the central nervous system derived from?

A

Oligodendrocytes

51
Q

Where can you find varicosity?

A

At the ends of postganglionic fibres

52
Q

What is varicosity?

A

Swelling at the end of post ganglionic fibre which release neurotransmitters

53
Q

What are telodendria?

A

Pearl like structures with varicosity (contains neurotransmitter)

54
Q

What are the two main receptors in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

GPCR and ligand-gated ion channels

55
Q

What type of receptor is an ionotropic receptor?

A

Ligand-gated receptor

56
Q

What type of receptor is a metabotropic receptor?

A

GPCR

57
Q

Which has a fast synaptic transmission ionotropic or metabotropic receptors?

A

Ionotropic receptord

58
Q

What is the postsynaptic receptor of the ionotropic receptor directly link to?

A

Ion channels

59
Q

Is there direct excitation or inhibition in metabotropic receptors?

A

No

60
Q

How does a ionotropic receptors work?

A

Na+ channels opened causing membrane depolarisation, excitatory neurotransmission

61
Q

How does metabotropic receptors work?

A

Postsynaptic receptors signals to channel proteins via G-protein via intracellular 2nd messengers

62
Q

What response does metabotropic receptors cause?

A
  • Alter transcription factor
  • Alter electrical activity
  • Stimulate secreation
63
Q

What response does inotropic receptors cause?

A

K+ or Cl- channels are opened causing hyperpolarisation, inhibitory neurotransmission

64
Q

What is the receptor for acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic receptor

65
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • Nicotinic-ACh receptors

- Muscarinic-ACh receptors

66
Q

Does nicotinic-ACh receptors cause excitatory or inhibitory effect?

A

Exitatory

67
Q

What are the effectors to nicotinic-ACh receptors?

A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Ganglion
  • CNS
68
Q

Does muscarinic-ACh receptors cause excitatory or inhibitory effect?

A

Both

69
Q

What are the effectors to muscarinic-ACh receptors?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands
70
Q

What type of receptor is muscarinic-ACh receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels (Ionotropic)

71
Q

What type of receptor is nicotinic-ACh receptors?

A

GPCR (metabotropic)

72
Q

What domains do muscarinic-ACh receptors have?

A

Extracellular, transmembrane and intercellular

73
Q

What domains do nicotinic-ACh receptors have?

A

2 binding domains for ACh

74
Q

What receptors are for noradrenaline?

A

Adrenergic receptors

75
Q

What are the subclassifications for adrenergic receptors?

A

a1, a2, B1, B2, B3

76
Q

What is the result of a1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Sympathetic target tissue

77
Q

What is the result of a2 adrenergic receptor?

A

digestive organ, platelets and nerver terminals

78
Q

What is the result of B1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Heart, salivary glands

79
Q

What is the result of B2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Smooth, skeletal, nerve terminal and mast cells

80
Q

What is the result of B3 adrenergic receptor?

A

Skeletal, adipose, gallbladder, urinary bladder

81
Q

Is a1 adrenergic receptor excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

82
Q

Is a2 adrenergic receptor excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

83
Q

Is B1 adrenergic receptor excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

84
Q

Is B2 adrenergic receptor excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

85
Q

What type of receptor is adrenergic receptor?

A

GPCR

86
Q

What does B1,B2,B3 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase - increases cAMP (they have different consequences: constriction or relaxation)

87
Q

What does a1 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Activates phospholipase C, leading to inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol - increase in Ca2+ smooth muscle contraction

88
Q

What does a2 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, leading to reduced cAMP

89
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic fibres usually release?

A

Noradrenaline

90
Q

What does sympathetic postganglionic fibres release in the sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine

91
Q

What happens if there is no neurotransmission of noradrenalin or acetylcholine?

A
  • Use chemical mediators instead

- E.G ATP recreated to blood vessels to cause vasocontriction

92
Q

Can some neurons have more than one neurotransmitter?

A

Yes

93
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of arrestor pill muscles?

A

-Contraction, erection of hairs (a1)

94
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of arrestor pill muscles?

A

None

95
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of sweat glands?

A

Secretion: palm and soles (a1), generalised (cholinergic)

96
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of sweat glands?

A

None

97
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of lacrimal glands?

A

None

98
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of lacrimal glands?

A

Secretion

99
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of eye?

A 
Pupil dilation (a1)
accommodation distance (B2)
100
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of eye?

A

Pupil constriction

Accommodation close

101
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to skin?

A

Dilation (ACh); constriction (a1)

102
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to skin?

A

None

103
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles?

A

Dilation (B2, cholinergic, nitroxinergic)

104
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles?

A

None

105
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to heart?

A

Dilation (B2), constriction (a1, a2)

106
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to heart?

A

None

107
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to lungs?

A

Dilation (B2); constriction (a2)

108
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to lungs?

A

None

109
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to kidney?

A

Dilation (increase urine production B1/B2) Constriction (decrease urine production a1/a2)

110
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to kidney?

A

None

111
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to brain?

A

Dilation (cholinergic and nitroxidergic)

112
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of blood vessels to brain?

A

None

113
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of veins?

A

Constriction (Decrease urine production a1/B2)

114
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of veins?

A

None

115
Q

What is the sympathetic effects of stimulation of heart?

A

Increase heart rate, contractile force, BP (a1,B1)

116
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of stimulation of heart?

A

Decrease heart rate, contractile force, BP

117
Q

Finish the sentence:

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by….

A

preganglionic fibres

118
Q

Finish the sentence:
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by preganglionic fibres and interact with…

A

nicotinic Ach receptors at ganglion

119
Q

What happens when the bladder is not full relating to the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system causes bladder to relax and internal urethral sphincter closes

120
Q

What happens when the bladder is full relating to the peripheral nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system causes bladder to contract and internal urethral sphincter relax

121
Q

What hormone is released and what is its’ bind receptors in the parasympathetic?

A

Acetylcholine with muscarinic receptor

122
Q

What hormone is released and what is its’ bind receptors in the sympathetic?

A

Noradrenaline with adrenergic receptors

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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