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CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology > Endocrine Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you find the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Brain

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2
Q

What endocrine gland do you find at the neck?

A

Thyroid and parathyroid

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3
Q

What endocrine glands can be found at adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal context and adrenal medulla

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4
Q

Are the two adrenal glands connected in their work or do they act separately?

A

Work separately

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5
Q

Where do you find the kidney?

A

At the ribcage

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6
Q

What is at the upper abdomen according to the endocrine glands?

A

Stomach/pancreatic islets

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7
Q

What is at the lower abdomen according to the endocrine glands?

A

Ovaries and testes

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8
Q

What is at the small intestines according to the endocrine glands?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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9
Q

what is the function of hypothalamus?

A
  • control pituitary hormone release

- Interface between in and outside of body and endocrine response

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10
Q

What are the hormones that is linked to the hypothalamus?

A
  • Corticotrophin releasing hormone
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • Somatostatin
  • GnRH
  • Growth releasing hormone
  • Prolactin releasing hormone
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone
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11
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Controls activity of other endocrine glands
  • Ovulation and pregnancy
  • Sperm production
  • Growth
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12
Q

What are the hormones linked to the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Thyrotropin stimulating hormone
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • Luteinising hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Growth hormone
  • Prolactin
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13
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Regulates overall water balance
  • Uterine contraction
  • Ejection of milk
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14
Q

What are the hormone linked to posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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15
Q

What are the four types of transmembrane signalling mechanisms?

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channel
  • G-protein coupled receptors
  • Enzyme-linked receptors
  • Intracellular receptor
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16
Q

What is an example of ligand-gated ion channel?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

What does a ligand-gated ion channel do?

A

Changes in membrane potential/ion conc. in cells

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18
Q

What is an example of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

a and B adreniceptors

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19
Q

What does a G-protein could receptor do?

A

Protein phosphorylation

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20
Q

What is an example of enzyme-linked receptor?

A

Insulin receptors

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21
Q

What does an enzyme-linked receptor do?

A

Protein and receptors phosphoralisation

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22
Q

What is an example of intracellular receptors?

A

Steroid receptors

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23
Q

What does an intracellular receptor do?

A

Protein phosphoralisation and gene expression altered

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24
Q

What hormones is linked to the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine and thriiodothyrine (thyroid hormones)

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25
Q

What type of cell signalling is the hormone thyroid related to?

A

Intracellular receptor-thyroid-response element

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26
Q

What hormones is linked to the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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27
Q

What is the type of cell signalling linked to the hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin?

A

Adrenergic receptor (GCPR) and second messenger cAMP

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28
Q

What hormones is linked to adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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29
Q

What hormones is linked to the pancreases?

A

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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30
Q

What type of cell signalling is linked to the hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin?

A

Reception tyrosine kinase, PI3K pathway

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31
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Neck, over trache below larynx

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32
Q

What is the thyroid gland made out of?

A

Two lobes of endocrine tissue joined together by isthmus

33
Q

Where are the hormone secretion cells arranged?

A

In hollow spheres called follicles

34
Q

What are the abbreviations for the thyroid hormones?

A 
T4 = Thyroxine
T3 = Triidothyromine
35
Q

What are the thyroid hormones made out of?

A

Amino acid tyrosine and iodine

36
Q

Where does the synthesis of the hormone take place?

A

thyroid follicles

37
Q

Where is the thyroglobulin produced?

A

ER-golgi complexes

38
Q

What is thyroglobulin?

A

Protein containing tyrosine

39
Q

Where are the iodine molecules added to the thyroglobulin?

A

Inside the colloid region of follicles

40
Q

What is the addition of iodine to thyroglobulin catalysed by?

A

TPO (Thyroperoxidase)

41
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

less than normal levels of thyroid hormones

42
Q

What can hypothyroidism cause?

A
  • Goitre

- Enlarged glands

43
Q

How is hypothyroidism caused?

A
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Ingestion of goitrogens
  • Reduced production of T3 and T4
44
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

More than normal levels of thyroid hormones

45
Q

What can hyperthyroidism cause?

A
  • Goitre

- Enlarged glands

46
Q

How is hyperthyroidism caused?

A
  • Graves’ disease which produces antibodies that mimic the effects of TSH
  • Overproduction of T3 and T4
47
Q

What is the function of a thyroid gland?

A
  • Increasing metabolic rate and heat production
  • Sympathomimetic effect
  • Effect on cardiovascular system
  • Effect on growth and nervous system
48
Q

What is another name for the adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal Glands

49
Q

Where are the two adrenal glands located?

A

One above each kidney and embedded in a capsule of fat

50
Q

What are the two functional different regions of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Adrenal cortex

- Adrenal medulla

51
Q

What hormones are related to the adrenal cortex?

A

Steroid hormones (cortisol, aldosterone and androgens)

52
Q

What hormones are related to the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

53
Q

How many types of secretion cells do the adrenal medulla have?

A

2

54
Q

How much adrenaline is produced from the adrenal medulla compared to noradrenaline?

A

75 to 80%

55
Q

What is adrenal medulla part of?

A

Modified part of the sympathetic nervous systme

56
Q

What is the adrenal medulla consist of?

A

Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurones called chromaffin cells

57
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurones

58
Q

What do adrenalin and noradrenaline hormones act as?

A

Neurotransmitters

59
Q

What receptors do adrenalin and noradrenalin bind to?

A

Adrenergic receptors

60
Q

What class of cell signalising receptors are adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCR

61
Q

What are the two major classification can adrenergic receptors be put into?

A

alpha and beta

62
Q

What are the subclassifications of adrenergic receptors?

A 
a1 = IP3 -Ca^2+
a2 = inhibits cAMP

B1/B2 = cAMP

63
Q

What are the functions of adrenalin and noradrenaline?

A

Exert similar effects on many tissues and related to stress response

64
Q

What do the type of effects of adrenalin and noradrenaline depend on?

A

Which adrenergic receptor bound to

65
Q

What does the activation of a1 do?

A
  • Excitatory response

- Contraction of blood vessels

66
Q

What does the activation of a2 do?

A
  • Inhibitory response

- Decreased smooth muscle contraction of digestive system

67
Q

What does the activation of B1 do?

A
  • Excitatory response only in heart cells

- Increase rate of heart contractions

68
Q

What does the activation of B2 do?

A
  • Inhibitory response

- Relaxation of smooth muscle cells in arteries and bronchoilies

69
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Blood glucose levels

70
Q

What are the hormones linked to the pancreases?

A
  • Insulin

- Glucagon

71
Q

What happens with blood glucose rises?

A
  • B cells increase insulin
  • a cells decrease glucagon
  • Therefore decreasing glucose levels
72
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Production of glycogen

73
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In muscles and liver

74
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Glucose converted into fat

75
Q

Where is the converted fat from glucose stored?

A

In fat muscle

76
Q

What does protein synthesis do to excess glucose?

A

Converts glucose to protein

77
Q

What does the insertion of GLUT-4 transports do when stimulated by insulin?

A
  • Glycogenesis
  • Lipogenesis
  • Protein synthesis
78
Q

What do GLUT-4 transports do?

A

Facilitated glucose uptake

79
Q

Describe insulin cell signalling:

A
  • Insulin receptor binds to insulin
  • Phoshoration of IRS-1 protein
  • IRS-1 recruitments of GRB2 activating Ras pathway
  • IRS-1 activating PI-3 kinases to catalyse addition of phosphate group PIP2 converting PIP2 to PIP3
  • PIP 3 binds a protein kinase called Akt (activated by other protein kinase)
  • Akt activated phosphorylation key proteins increasing in glucagon synthesis activity and recruitment of GLUT-4
  • GLUT-4 binds to glucose and brings inside cell

CSC1005 - Integrated Human Physiology (18 decks)

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